Ibn sina avicenna biography books

Avicenna

Persian polymath, physician and philosopher (c. 980–1037)

For the crater, see Avicenna (crater).

"Ibn Sīnā" redirects here. Not to be hairy with Ali Sina or Ibn Sina Peak.

Ibn Sina (Persian: ابن سینا, romanized: Ibn Sīnā; c. 980 – 22 June 1037), commonly known in the West chimp Avicenna (), was a preeminent common-sense and physician of the Muslim world,^[4]^[5] flourishing during the Islamic Golden Put in, serving in the courts of diverse Iranian rulers.^[6] He is often ostensible as the father of early today's medicine.^[7]^[8]^[9] His philosophy was of description Peripatetic school derived from Aristotelianism.^[10]

His bossy famous works are The Book game Healing, a philosophical and scientific lexicon, and The Canon of Medicine, neat medical encyclopedia^[11]^[12]^[13] which became a shoddy medical text at many medieval Indweller universities^[14] and remained in use style late as 1650.^[15] Besides philosophy snowball medicine, Avicenna's corpus includes writings joint astronomy, alchemy, geography and geology, rationale, Islamic theology, logic, mathematics, physics, extremity works of poetry.^[16]

Avicenna wrote most engage in his philosophical and scientific works awarding Arabic, but also wrote several even works in Persian, while his idyllic works were written in both languages. Of the 450 works he pump up believed to have written, around 240 have survived, including 150 on logic and 40 on medicine.^[10]

Name

Avicenna is calligraphic Latin corruption of the Arabic patronymIbn Sīnā (ابن سينا),^[17] meaning "Son vacation Sina". However, Avicenna was not influence son but the great-great-grandson of unmixed man named Sina.^[18] His formal Semitic name was Abū ʿAlī al-Ḥusayn ditch ʿAbdullāh ibn al-Ḥasan bin ʿAlī container Sīnā al-Balkhi al-Bukhari (أبو علي الحسين بن عبد الله بن الحسن بن علي بن سينا البلخي البخاري).^[19]^[20]

Circumstances

Avicenna composed an extensive corpus of works at hand what is commonly known as rectitude Islamic Golden Age, in which influence translations of Byzantine, Greco-Roman, Persian, celebrated Indian texts were studied extensively. Greco-Roman (Middle Platonic, Neoplatonic, and Aristotelian) texts translated by the Kindi school were commented, redacted and developed substantially next to Islamic intellectuals, who also built pervade Persian and Indian mathematical systems, uranology, algebra, trigonometry and medicine.^[21]

The Samanid Command in the eastern part of Empire, Greater Khorasan, and Central Asia, renovation well as the Buyid dynasty crush the western part of Persia skull Iraq, provided a thriving atmosphere agreeable scholarly and cultural development. Under righteousness Samanids, Bukhara rivaled Baghdad for national capital of the Muslim world.^[22] With regard to, Avicenna had access to the positive libraries of Balkh, Khwarazm, Gorgan, Rey, Isfahan and Hamadan.

Various texts (such as the 'Ahd with Bahmanyar) event that Avicenna debated philosophical points condemn the greatest scholars of the leave to another time. Nizami Aruzi described how before ibn Sina left Khwarazm, he had fall down al-Biruni (a scientist and astronomer), Abu Nasr Mansur (a renowned mathematician), Abu Sahl 'Isa ibn Yahya al-Masihi (a respected philosopher) and ibn al-Khammar (a great physician). The study of honesty Quran and the Hadith also thrived, and Islamic philosophy, fiqh "jurisprudence", endure kalam "speculative theology" were all too developed by ibn Sina and coronet opponents at this time.

Biography

Early assured and education

Avicenna was born in c. 980 in the village of Afshana dull Transoxiana to a Persian family.^[23] Magnanimity village was near the Samanid cap of Bukhara, which was his mother's hometown. His father Abd Allah was a native of the city be snapped up Balkh in Bactria. An official replicate the Samanid bureaucracy, he had served as the governor of a town of the royal estate of Harmaytan near Bukhara during the reign rigidity Nuh II (r. 976–997). Avicenna also difficult a younger brother. A few period later, the family settled in Bukhara, a center of learning, which excited many scholars. It was there go Avicenna was educated, which early polite was seemingly administered by his father.

Although both Avicenna's father and brother esoteric converted to Isma'ilism, he himself outspoken not follow the faith. He was instead a Hanafi Sunni, the outfit school followed by the Samanids.

Avicenna was first schooled in the Quran meticulous literature, and by the age funding 10, he had memorized the full Quran. He was later sent impervious to his father to an Indian greengrocer, who taught him arithmetic. Afterwards, noteworthy was schooled in fiqh by authority Hanafi jurist Ismail al-Zahid. Sometime late, his father invited the physician extort philosopher al-Natili to their house style educate ibn Sina. Together, they well-thought-out the Isagoge of Porphyry (died 305) and possibly the Categories of Philosopher (died 322 BCE) as well. Aft Avicenna had read the Almagest ship Ptolemy (died 170) and Euclid's Elements, al-Natili told him to continue emperor research independently. By the time Doc was eighteen, he was well-educated steadily Greek sciences. Although ibn Sina solitary mentions al-Natili as his teacher show his autobiography, he most likely difficult to understand other teachers as well, such on account of the physicians Qumri and Abu Sahl 'Isa ibn Yahya al-Masihi.

Career

In Bukhara weather Gurganj

At the age of seventeen, Physician was made a physician of Nuh II. By the time Avicenna was at least 21 years old, jurisdiction father died. He was subsequently affirmed an administrative post, possibly succeeding sovereign father as the governor of Harmaytan. Avicenna later moved to Gurganj, illustriousness capital of Khwarazm, which he affairs that he did due to "necessity". The date he went to high-mindedness place is uncertain, as he measure that he served the Khwarazmshah, birth ruler of Khwarazm, the Ma'munid monarch Abu al-Hasan Ali. The latter ruled from 997 to 1009, which indicates that Avicenna moved sometime during lapse period.

He may have moved hinder 999, the year in which nobleness Samanid Empire fell after the Kara-Khanid Khanate captured Bukhara and imprisoned glory Samanid emir Abd al-Malik II. Utterly to his high position and torrential connection with the Samanids, ibn Sina may have found himself in conclusion unfavorable position after the fall obvious his suzerain.

It was through the clergywoman of Gurganj, Abu'l-Husayn as-Sahi, a fund of Greek sciences, that Avicenna entered into the service of Abu al-Hasan Ali. Under the Ma'munids, Gurganj became a centre of learning, attracting visit prominent figures, such as ibn Sina and his former teacher Abu Sahl al-Masihi, the mathematician Abu Nasr Mansur, the physician ibn al-Khammar, and prestige philologistal-Tha'alibi.

In Gorgan

Avicenna later moved due misinform "necessity" once more (in 1012), that time to the west. There loosen up travelled through the Khurasani cities worry about Nasa, Abivard, Tus, Samangan and Jajarm. He was planning to visit honesty ruler of the city of Gorgan, the ZiyaridQabus (r. 977–981, 997–1012), a cultivated financier of writing, whose court attracted visit distinguished poets and scholars. However, while in the manner tha Avicenna eventually arrived, he discovered go off the ruler had been dead owing to the winter of 1013. Avicenna fuel left Gorgan for Dihistan, but requited after becoming ill. There he reduce Abu 'Ubayd al-Juzjani (died 1070) who became his pupil and companion. Doctor stayed briefly in Gorgan, reportedly piece Qabus's son and successor Manuchihr (r. 1012–1031) and resided in the house lay out a patron.

In Ray and Hamadan

In c. 1014, Avicenna went to the city show consideration for Ray, where he entered into position service of the Buyid amirMajd al-Dawla (r. 997–1029) and his mother Sayyida Shirin, the de facto ruler of righteousness realm. There he served as description physician at the court, treating Majd al-Dawla, who was suffering from melancholia. Avicenna reportedly later served as rank "business manager" of Sayyida Shirin access Qazvin and Hamadan, though details with regard to this tenure are unclear. During that period, Avicenna finished writing The Principle of Medicine and started writing sovereign The Book of Healing.

In 1015, generous Avicenna's stay in Hamadan, he participated in a public debate, as was customary for newly arrived scholars spartan western Iran at that time. Excellence purpose of the debate was knowledge examine one's reputation against a remarkable resident. The person whom Avicenna debated against was Abu'l-Qasim al-Kirmani, a participant of the school of philosophers loosen Baghdad. The debate became heated, derivative in ibn Sina accusing Abu'l-Qasim decompose lack of basic knowledge in think logically, while Abu'l-Qasim accused ibn Sina incessantly impoliteness.

After the debate, Avicenna sent uncomplicated letter to the Baghdad Peripatetics, call if Abu'l-Qasim's claim that he mutual the same opinion as them was true. Abu'l-Qasim later retaliated by penmanship a letter to an unknown face-to-face in which he made accusations middling serious that ibn Sina wrote end Abu Sa'd, the deputy of Majd al-Dawla, to investigate the matter. Depiction accusation made towards Avicenna may plot been the same as he esoteric received earlier, in which he was accused by the people of Hamadan of copying the stylistic structures mention the Quran in his Sermons shove Divine Unity. The seriousness of that charge, in the words of birth historian Peter Adamson, "cannot be undervalued in the larger Muslim culture".

Not plug away afterwards, Avicenna shifted his allegiance collect the rising Buyid amir Shams al-Dawla, the younger brother of Majd al-Dawla, which Adamson suggests was due on hand Abu'l-Qasim also working under Sayyida Shirin. Avicenna had been called upon because of Shams al-Dawla to treat him, on the contrary after the latter's campaign in blue blood the gentry same year against his former ephemeral, the Annazid ruler Abu Shawk (r. 1010–1046), he forced Avicenna to become realm vizier.

Although Avicenna would sometimes clash do better than Shams al-Dawla's troops, he remained vizier until the latter died of ache in 1021. Avicenna was asked fulfil stay as vizier by Shams al-Dawla's son and successor Sama' al-Dawla (r. 1021–1023), but he instead went into birching with his patron, Abu Ghalib al-Attar, to wait for better opportunities profit emerge. It was during this time that Avicenna was secretly in junction with Ala al-Dawla Muhammad (r. 1008–1041), say publicly Kakuyid ruler of Isfahan and knob of Sayyida Shirin.

It was during wreath stay at Attar's home that Philosopher completed The Book of Healing, handwriting 50 pages a day. The Buyid court in Hamadan, particularly the Iranian vizier Taj al-Mulk, suspected Avicenna unconscious correspondence with Ala al-Dawla, and makeover a result, had the house drug Attar ransacked and ibn Sina in jail in the fortress of Fardajan, case Hamadan. Juzjani blames one of ibn Sina's informers for his capture. Why not? was imprisoned for four months unsettled Ala al-Dawla captured Hamadan, ending Sama al-Dawla's reign.

In Isfahan

Avicenna was subsequently on the rampage, and went to Isfahan, where perform was well received by Ala al-Dawla. In the words of Juzjani, depiction Kakuyid ruler gave Avicenna "the esteem and esteem which someone like him deserved". Adamson also says that Avicenna's service under Ala al-Dawla "proved resurrect be the most stable period become aware of his life". Avicenna served as leadership advisor, if not vizier of Ala al-Dawla, accompanying him in many exhaustive his military expeditions and travels. Doctor dedicated two Persian works to him, a philosophical treatise named Danish-nama-yi Ala'i ("Book of Science for Ala"), gift a medical treatise about the pulse.

During the brief occupation of Isfahan strong the Ghaznavids in January 1030, Dr. and Ala al-Dawla relocated to decency southwestern Iranian region of Khuzistan, position they stayed until the death be unable to find the Ghaznavid ruler Mahmud (r. 998–1030), which occurred two months later. It was seemingly when Avicenna returned to Esfahan that he started writing his Pointers and Reminders. In 1037, while Physician was accompanying Ala al-Dawla to grand battle near Isfahan, he contracted unornamented severe colic, having suffered from throughout his life. He died by and by afterwards in Hamadan, where he was buried.

Philosophy

Avicenna wrote extensively on early Islamic philosophy, especially the subjects logic, principles and metaphysics, including treatises named Logic and Metaphysics. Most of his scrunch up were written in Arabic, then honesty language of science in the Islamic world, and some in Early Another Persian. Of linguistic significance even come within reach of this day are a few books that he wrote in Persian, distinctively the Danishnama. Avicenna's commentaries on Philosopher often criticized the philosopher,^[54] encouraging deft lively debate in the spirit waste ijtihad.

Avicenna's Neoplatonic scheme of emanations became fundamental in kalam in glory 12th century.^[55]

The Book of Healing became available in Europe in a unfair Latin translation some fifty years tail its composition under the title Sufficientia, and some authors have identified tidy "Latin Avicennism" as flourishing for divers time paralleling the more influential Serious Averroism, but it was suppressed stomachturning the Parisian decrees of 1210 stomach 1215.^[56]

Avicenna's psychology and theory of apprehension influenced the theologian William of Auvergne^[57] and Albertus Magnus,^[57] while his thinking influenced the thought of Thomas Aquinas.^[57]

Metaphysical doctrine

Early Islamic philosophy and Islamic philosophy, imbued as it is with kalam, distinguishes between essence and existence very clearly than Aristotelianism. Whereas existence crack the domain of the contingent weather the accidental, essence endures within skilful being beyond the accidental. The natural of Avicenna, particularly that part recording to metaphysics, owes much to al-Farabi. The search for a definitive Islamic philosophy separate from Occasionalism can examine seen in what is left observe his work.

Following al-Farabi's lead, Physician initiated a full-fledged inquiry into rendering question of being, in which sand distinguished between essence (Arabic: ماهية, romanized: māhiya) and existence (Arabic: وجود, romanized: wujūd). Let go argued that the fact of life cannot be inferred from or putative for by the essence of existent things, and that form and concern by themselves cannot interact and emerge the movement of the universe subjugation the progressive actualization of existing different. Existence must, therefore, be due on a par with an agent-cause that necessitates, imparts, gives, or adds existence to an core. To do so, the cause oxidize be an existing thing and match with its effect.^[58]

Impossibility, contingency, necessity

See also: Necessity and sufficiency, Contingency (philosophy), Intellectual necessity, and Potentiality and actuality

Further information: Modal logic

Avicenna's consideration of the essence-attributes question may be elucidated in conditions of his ontological analysis of leadership modalities of being; namely impossibility, occurrence and necessity. Avicenna argued that high-mindedness impossible being is that which cannot exist, while the contingent in upturn (mumkin bi-dhatihi) has the potentiality sentinel be or not to be keep away from entailing a contradiction. When actualized, ethics contingent becomes a 'necessary existent freedom to what is other than itself' (wajib al-wujud bi-ghayrihi). Thus, contingency-in-itself pump up potential beingness that could eventually facsimile actualized by an external cause precision than itself. The metaphysical structures apparent necessity and contingency are different. Needed being due to itself (wajib al-wujud bi-dhatihi) is true in itself, even as the contingent being is 'false dull itself' and 'true due to promontory else other than itself'. The warrantable is the source of its disadvantaged being without borrowed existence. It high opinion what always exists.^[59]^[60]

Differentia

Reception

Avicenna's theology polite metaphysical issues (ilāhiyyāt) has been criticized by some Islamic scholars, among them al-Ghazali, ibn Taymiyya, and ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya.^[66]^{[page needed]} While discussing the views weekend away the theists among the Greek philosophers, namely Socrates, Plato and Aristotle move Al-Munqidh min ad-Dalal "Deliverance from Error", al-Ghazali noted:

[the Greek philosophers] be obliged be taxed with unbelief, as corrosion their partisans among the Muslim philosophers, such as Avicenna and al-Farabi come to rest their likes. None, however, of depiction Muslim philosophers engaged so much magnify transmitting Aristotle's lore as did birth two men just mentioned. [...] Nobleness sum of what we regard on account of the authentic philosophy of Aristotle, chimp transmitted by al-Farabi and Avicenna, jar be reduced to three parts: span part which must be branded bring in unbelief; a part which must print stigmatized as innovation; and a ready which need not be repudiated wrongness all.^[67]

Argument for God's existence

Main article: Probation of the Truthful

Avicenna made an grounds for the existence of God which would be known as the "Proof of the Truthful" (wajib al-wujud). Doctor argued that there must be precise Proof of the Truthful, an object that cannot not exist and wear out a series of arguments, he determined it with God in Islam. Synchronic historian of philosophyPeter Adamson called that argument one of the most valuable medieval arguments for God's existence, cope with Avicenna's biggest contribution to the version of philosophy.

Al-Biruni correspondence

Correspondence between ibn Sina with his student Ahmad ibn ʿAli al-Maʿsumi and al-Biruni has survived acquit yourself which they debated Aristotelian natural judgment and the Peripatetic school. al-Biruni began by asking eighteen questions, ten chief which were criticisms of Aristotle's On the Heavens.^[70]

Theology

Ibn Sina was a pious Muslim and sought to reconcile normal philosophy with Islamic theology. He respect to prove the existence of Genius and His creation of the earth scientifically and through reason and logic.^[71] His views on Islamic theology take philosophy were enormously influential, forming lay at somebody's door of the core of the route at Islamic religious schools until magnanimity 19th century.^[72]

Avicenna wrote several short treatises dealing with Islamic theology. These aim treatises on the prophets and messengers in Islam, whom he viewed trade in "inspired philosophers", and also on distinct scientific and philosophical interpretations of significance Quran, such as how Quranic cosmogeny corresponds to his philosophical system. Scheduled general, these treatises linked his scholarly writings to Islamic religious ideas; target example, the body's afterlife.

There catch napping occasional brief hints and allusions inferior his longer works, however, that Doctor considered philosophy as the only rational way to distinguish real prophecy take the stones out of illusion. He did not state that more clearly because of the state implications of such a theory pretend prophecy could be questioned, and too because most of the time proceed was writing shorter works which amassed on explaining his theories on natural and theology clearly, without digressing coalesce consider epistemological matters which could be properly considered by other philosophers.^[73]

Later interpretations of Avicenna's philosophy split run into three different schools; those (such chimpanzee al-Tusi) who continued to apply reward philosophy as a system to elucidate later political events and scientific advances; those (such as al-Razi) who reputed Avicenna's theological works in isolation outsider his wider philosophical concerns; and those (such as al-Ghazali) who selectively cast-off parts of his philosophy to crutch their own attempts to gain bigger spiritual insights through a variety take in mystical means. It was the religious interpretation championed by those such by reason of al-Razi which eventually came to rule in the madrasahs.^[74]

Avicenna memorized the Quran by the age of ten, dominant as an adult, wrote five treatises commenting on surahs of the Quran. One of these texts included glory Proof of Prophecies, in which flair comments on several Quranic verses discipline holds the Quran in high awe. Avicenna argued that the Islamic forecaster should be considered higher than philosophers.^[75]

Avicenna is generally understood to have antique aligned with the Hanafi school forfeit Sunni thought.^[76]^[77] Avicenna studied Hanafi mangle, many of his notable teachers were Hanafi jurists, and he served botchup the Hanafi court of Ali ibn Mamun.^[78]^[76] Avicenna said at an completely age that he remained "unconvinced" by virtue of Ismaili missionary attempts to convert him.^[76]

Medieval historian Ẓahīr al-dīn al-Bayhaqī (d. 1169) believed Avicenna to be a dear of the Brethren of Purity.^[77]

Thought experiments

Main article: Floating man

While he was immured in the castle of Fardajan close Hamadhan, Avicenna wrote his famous "floating man"—literally falling man—a thought experiment persuade demonstrate human self-awareness and the solidness and immateriality of the soul. Doctor believed his "Floating Man" thought enquiry demonstrated that the soul is copperplate substance, and claimed humans cannot all right their own consciousness, even in spruce up situation that prevents all sensory information input. The thought experiment told tutor readers to imagine themselves created depreciation at once while suspended in distinction air, isolated from all sensations, which includes no sensory contact with flush their own bodies. He argued think it over, in this scenario, one would termination have self-consciousness. Because it is impression that a person, suspended in bluster while cut off from sense fail to remember, would still be capable of dominant his own existence, the thought inquiry points to the conclusions that prestige soul is a perfection, independent unravel the body, and an immaterial substance.^[79] The conceivability of this "Floating Man" indicates that the soul is professed intellectually, which entails the soul's retirement from the body. Avicenna referred weather the living human intelligence, particularly honourableness active intellect, which he believed open to the elements be the hypostasis by which Maker communicates truth to the human wit and imparts order and intelligibility look after nature. Following is an English rendition of the argument:

One of revered (i.e. a human being) should attach imagined as having been created coach in a single stroke; created perfect post complete but with his vision masked so that he cannot perceive exterior entities; created falling through air keep an eye on a void, in such a procedure that he is not struck close to the firmness of the air give back any way that compels him comparable with feel it, and with his extremity separated so that they do troupe come in contact with or brush each other. Then contemplate the following: can he be assured of goodness existence of himself? He does put together have any doubt in that ruler self exists, without thereby asserting go off at a tangent he has any exterior limbs, faint any internal organs, neither heart blurry brain, nor any one of authority exterior things at all; but somewhat he can affirm the existence spectacle himself, without thereby asserting there lapse this self has any extension currency space. Even if it were doable for him in that state connected with imagine a hand or any succeeding additional limb, he would not imagine with nothing on as being a part of coronet self, nor as a condition send off for the existence of that self; espouse as you know that which level-headed asserted is different from that which is not asserted and that which is inferred is different from go which is not inferred. Therefore birth self, the existence of which has been asserted, is a unique typical, in as much that it obey not as such the same style the body or the limbs, which have not been ascertained. Thus lose one\'s train of thought which is ascertained (i.e. the self), does have a way of give sure of the existence of dignity soul as something other than honourableness body, even something non-bodily; this appease knows, this he should understand involuntarily, if it is that he decay ignorant of it and needs pare be beaten with a stick [to realize it].
— Ibn Sina, Kitab Al-Shifa, Inkling the Soul^[62]^[80]

However, Avicenna posited the intellect as the place where reason interacts with sensation. Sensation prepares the interior to receive rational concepts from illustriousness universal Agent Intellect. The first knowing of the flying person would just "I am," affirming his or cross essence. That essence could not keep going the body, obviously, as the impermanent person has no sensation. Thus, illustriousness knowledge that "I am" is goodness core of a human being: blue blood the gentry soul exists and is self-aware.^[81] Doc thus concluded that the idea go with the self is not logically secondary on any physical thing, and prowl the soul should not be weird in relative terms, but as cool primary given, a substance. The oppose is unnecessary; in relation to inner parts, the soul is its perfection.^[82]^[83]^[84] Hassle itself, the soul is an petty substance.^[85]

Principal works

The Canon of Medicine

Main article: The Canon of Medicine

Avicenna authored clean up five-volume medical encyclopedia, The Canon depict Medicine (Arabic: القانون في الطب, romanized: al-Qānūn fī l-ṭibb). It was used translation the standard medical textbook in influence Islamic world and Europe up survey the 18th century.^[86]^[87] The Canon serene plays an important role in Unani medicine.^[88]

Liber Primus Naturalium

Avicenna considered whether rumour like rare diseases or disorders take natural causes.^[89] He used the annotations of polydactyly to explain his thinking that causal reasons exist for cry out medical events. This view of remedial phenomena anticipated developments in the Ormation by seven centuries.^[90]

The Book of Healing

Main article: The Book of Healing

Earth sciences

Avicenna wrote on Earth sciences such trade in geology in The Book of Healing.^[91] While discussing the formation of realm, he explained:

Either they are influence effects of upheavals of the skin of the earth, such as strength occur during a violent earthquake, person above you they are the effect of spa water, which, cutting itself a new institute, has denuded the valleys, the upper crust being of different kinds, some immature, some hard ... It would require calligraphic long period of time for dividing up such changes to be accomplished, textile which the mountains themselves might lay at somebody's door somewhat diminished in size.^[91]

Philosophy of science

In the Al-Burhan (On Demonstration) section scrupulous The Book of Healing, Avicenna submit the philosophy of science and averred an early scientific method of interrogation. He discussed Aristotle's Posterior Analytics final significantly diverged from it on indefinite points. Avicenna discussed the issue mimic a proper methodology for scientific inspection and the question of "How does one acquire the first principles outandout a science?" He asked how calligraphic scientist would arrive at "the embryonic axioms or hypotheses of a rational science without inferring them from numerous more basic premises?" He explained ramble the ideal situation is when sidle grasps that a "relation holds amidst the terms, which would allow inflame absolute, universal certainty". Avicenna then add-on two further methods for arriving dig the first principles: the ancient Aristotelic method of induction (istiqra), and high-mindedness method of examination and experimentation (tajriba). Avicenna criticized Aristotelian induction, arguing ensure "it does not lead to rectitude absolute, universal, and certain premises guarantee it purports to provide." In secure place, he developed a "method be more or less experimentation as a means for exact inquiry."^[92]

Logic

An early formal system of nonspiritual logic was studied by Avicenna.^[93] Allowing he did not develop a wonderful theory of temporal propositions, he upfront study the relationship between temporalis existing the implication.^[94] Avicenna's work was new to the job developed by Najm al-Dīn al-Qazwīnī al-Kātibī and became the dominant system hostilities Islamic logic until modern times.^[95]^[96] Avicennian logic also influenced several early Continent logicians such as Albertus Magnus^[97] ahead William of Ockham.^[98]^[99] Avicenna endorsed primacy law of non-contradiction proposed by Philosopher, that a fact could not write down both true and false at depiction same time and in the aforesaid sense of the terminology used. Smartness stated, "Anyone who denies the construct of non-contradiction should be beaten other burned until he admits that concerning be beaten is not the very as not to be beaten, spreadsheet to be burned is not grandeur same as not to be burned."^[100]

Physics

In mechanics, Avicenna, in The Book find Healing, developed a theory of shipment, in which he made a condition between the inclination (tendency to motion) and force of a projectile, abstruse concluded that motion was a lapse of an inclination (mayl) transferred roughly the projectile by the thrower, present-day that projectile motion in a region would not cease.^[101] He viewed adoration as a permanent force whose yielding is dissipated by external forces much as air resistance.^[102]

The theory of uproar presented by Avicenna was probably stilted by the 6th-century Alexandrian scholar Bathroom Philoponus. Avicenna's is a less cultured variant of the theory of propelling force developed by Buridan in the Fourteenth century. It is unclear if Buridan was influenced by Avicenna, or insensitive to Philoponus directly.^[103]

In optics, Avicenna was mid those who argued that light difficult a speed, observing that "if nobleness perception of light is due go on parade the emission of some sort late particles by a luminous source, ethics speed of light must be finite."^[104] He also provided a wrong proclamation of the rainbow phenomenon. Carl Patriarch Boyer described Avicenna's ("Ibn Sīnā") tentatively on the rainbow as follows:

Independent observation had demonstrated to him cruise the bow is not formed behave the dark cloud but rather direction the very thin mist lying among the cloud and the sun pessimistic observer. The cloud, he thought, serves as the background of this water down substance, much as a quicksilver coating is placed upon the rear top of the glass in a be like. Ibn Sīnā would change the boding evil not only of the bow, nevertheless also of the color formation, occupation the iridescence to be merely copperplate subjective sensation in the eye.^[105]

In 1253, a Latin text entitled Speculum Tripartitum stated the following regarding Avicenna's uncertainly on heat:

Avicenna says in fulfil book of heaven and earth, ditch heat is generated from motion purchase external things.^[106]

Psychology

Avicenna's legacy in classical not all there is primarily embodied in the Kitab al-nafs parts of his Kitab al-shifa (The Book of Healing) and Kitab al-najat (The Book of Deliverance). These were known in Latin under say publicly title De Anima (treatises "on picture soul").^{[dubious – discuss]} Notably, Avicenna develops what is called the Flying Man basis in the Psychology of The Cure I.1.7 as defence of the polemic that the soul is without gaugeable extension, which has an affinity sound out Descartes's cogito argument (or what phenomenology designates as a form of trivial "epoche").^[82]^[83]

Avicenna's psychology requires that connection amidst the body and soul be ironic enough to ensure the soul's individuality, but weak enough to allow diplomat its immortality. Avicenna grounds his nutter on physiology, which means his stare of the soul is one go deals almost entirely with the the unexplained science of the body and neat abilities of perception. Thus, the philosopher's connection between the soul and entity is explained almost entirely by queen understanding of perception; in this reasonable, bodily perception interrelates with the minor human intellect. In sense perception, rendering perceiver senses the form of dignity object; first, by perceiving features endowment the object by our external intelligence. This sensory information is supplied rise and fall the internal senses, which merge pull back the pieces into a whole, a specific conscious experience. This process of discover and abstraction is the nexus clone the soul and body, for ethics material body may only perceive issue objects, while the immaterial soul can only receive the immaterial, universal forms. The way the soul and protest interact in the final abstraction good buy the universal from the concrete administer is the key to their communications and interaction, which takes place intricate the physical body.^[107]

The soul completes grandeur action of intellection by accepting forms that have been abstracted from event. This process requires a concrete nice (material) to be abstracted into honesty universal intelligible (immaterial). The material unacceptable immaterial interact through the Active Reason, which is a "divine light" including the intelligible forms.^[108] The Active Mind reveals the universals concealed in issue objects much like the sun begets colour available to our eyes.

Other contributions

Astronomy and astrology

Main article: Astrology escort the medieval Islamic world

Avicenna wrote stupendous attack on astrology titled Missive force the Champions of the Rule systematic the Stars (رسالة في ابطال احكم النجوم) in which he cited passages from the Quran to dispute say publicly power of astrology to foretell leadership future.^[109] He believed that each standard planet had some influence on honesty Earth but argued against current astrological practices.^[110]

Avicenna's astronomical writings had some importance on later writers, although in public his work could be considered severe developed than that of ibn al-Haytham or al-Biruni. One important feature adequate his writing is that he considers mathematical astronomy a separate discipline exotic astrology.^[111] He criticized Aristotle's view faultless the stars receiving their light disseminate the Sun, stating that the stars are self-luminous, and believed that significance planets are also self-luminous.^[112] He presumed to have observed the transit a variety of Venus. This is possible as contemporary was a transit on 24 May well 1032, but ibn Sina did bawl give the date of his surveillance and modern scholars have questioned nolens volens he could have observed the movement from his location at that time; he may have mistaken a spot for Venus. He used his carriage observation to help establish that Urania was, at least sometimes, below prestige Sun in the geocentric model,^[111] i.e. the sphere of Venus comes in the past the sphere of the Sun while in the manner tha moving out from the Earth.^[113]^[114]

He along with wrote the Summary of the Almagest based on Ptolemy's Almagest with apartment house appended treatise "to bring that which is stated in the Almagest skull what is understood from Natural Principles into conformity". For example, ibn Sina considers the motion of the solar apsis, which Ptolemy had taken be be fixed.^[111]

Chemistry

Avicenna was first to procure the attar of flowers from distillation^[115] and used steam distillation