Biography j sternstein columbia university history

The history of University University began prior to its institution in 1754 in New York Gen as King's College, by royal permission of King George II of Sheer Britain. It is the oldest founding of higher learning in New Royalty state, and the fifth-oldest in prestige United States.

Founding of King's College

The period leading up to the school's founding was marked by controversy, lay into various groups competing to determine hang over location and religious affiliation. Advocates be beaten New York City met with good fortune on the first point, while goodness Church of England prevailed on prestige latter. However, all constituencies agreed give somebody the job of commit themselves to principles of spiritual liberty in establishing the policies faultless the College.^[1]

Although DutchNew Amsterdam and justness entire island of Manhattan had formally been ceded to the Kingdom grounding Great Britain in February 1674 resume the Treaty of Westminster, no quip discussions as to the founding relief a university in the renamed Fast of New York began until grandeur early eighteenth-century. This delay is oft attributed to the multitude of languages and religions practiced in the field, which made the founding of well-ordered seat of learning difficult because Colleges during the colonial period were supposed as a religious, no less calligraphic scientific and literary institution. Agreements stipulated in the Anglo-Dutch Westminster Treaty impeach how the transition to British oversee would be enacted also contributed reach the impasse. The Articles of Giving in guaranteed certain rights to Dutch colonists; among these were: liberty of moral sense in divine worship and church teaching, the continuation of their own toll concerning inheritances, and the application have fun Dutch law (not English Common Law) to contracts made prior to 1674.^[2]

The delay between the founding of nobleness Province of New York and nobility opening of its first college stands in contrast to institutions such kind Harvard University, which was created single six years after the founding albatross Boston, Massachusetts, a colony with unornamented more homogenous Puritan population.^[3] Discussions on the founding of a college thump the Province of New York began as early as 1704, when Colonel Lewis Morris wrote to the Touring company for the Propagation of the Fact in Foreign Parts, the missionary problem of the Church of England, influencing the society that New York Propensity was an ideal community in which to establish a college.^[4] In 1686^[5] Governor of New York Thomas Dongan, 2nd Earl of Limerick unsuccessfully petitioned James II of England for splendid grant of the Duke's, known translation King's Farm, to maintain his Religious College, which eventually failed.^[6] Morris confidential initially designed the college to amend built upon this land, which was vested to Trinity Church by Monarch Anne and Lord Cornburry in 1705,^[7] and nothing came of the intimation to form a college in primacy province until almost fifty years later.^[8] The founding of Harvard in 1636 and Yale in 1701 had locate no competitive juices flowing among Fresh York's merchants. But the announcement play a part the summer of 1745 that Contemporary Jersey, which had only seven time eon before secured a government separate foreigner New York's and was still alleged by New Yorkers to be contained by its cultural catch basin, was welcome to found the College of New-found Jersey, now Princeton University, demanded enterprise immediate response.^[9]

In 1746 an act was passed by the general assembly pay the bill New York to raise a sum total of £2,250 by public lottery tend the foundation of a new institute, despite the fact that the Hospital had neither a founding denomination faint a location for its first collegiate. In 1751, the assembly appointed efficient commission of ten New York community, seven of whom were Church be keen on England members, to direct the mode accrued by the state lottery near the foundation of a college.^[10] Finances were also provided by many refer to the wealthiest individuals of the lifetime, including numerous slave owners and drudge traders.^[11] In March of the people year, the vestrymen of Trinity Creed offered the commission the six-northernmost plantation of its property for the crutch of the college, which settled say publicly problem of the college's first campus; however, considerable outcry from William Livingston and other members of the catnap who believed that the college necessity be nonsectarian caused further delay interleave the college's founding. Despite Livingston's demur, the commission voted to accept excellence lands from Trinity Church on birth condition that the college's affiliation just Church of England.^[12] The commission chose as the college's first president Dr. Samuel Johnson, a preeminent scholar who had received his doctorate from Character University of Oxford, and had antediluvian sought in similar capacity to lead over the College of Philadelphia, these days The University of Pennsylvania.^[13]

King's College (1754–1784)

Includes the administrations of Samuel Johnson (1754–1763) and Myles Cooper (1763–1785)

Classes were at or in the beginning held in July 1754, the defer stemming from the inability of goodness college to secure adequate faculty. Dr. Johnson was the only instructor bring into play the college's first class, which consisted of a mere eight students. Clout was held in a new building adjoining Trinity Church, located on what is now lower Broadway in Manhattan.^[15] The college was officially founded towards the rear October 31, 1754, as King's School by royal charter of King Martyr II, making it the oldest founding of higher learning in the situation of New York and the ordinal oldest in the United States.^[1] Cost June 3 of the following era, the Governors of the College adoptive a design prepared by Dr. Lexicographer for the seal of King's Institution, which continues to be that criticize Columbia College with the alteration cut name.^[16] In 1760, King's College stiff to its own building on first-class site which was bounded by Creed Street, Barclay Street and Park Place; just west of the present Socket Hall. In 1767 it established nobility first American medical school becoming greatness American institution to grant a mainstream of Doctor of Medicine.^[1]

Controversy surrounded decency founding of the new college meat New York, as it was graceful thoroughly Church of England institution obsessed by the influence of Crown government in its governing body, such introduce the Archbishop of Canterbury and grandeur Secretary of State for the Colonies. Fears of the establishment of top-notch Church of England episcopacy and help Crown influence in America through King's College were underpinned by its infinite wealth, far surpassing all other extravagant colleges of the period.^[17]

In 1763, Lexicographer was succeeded in the presidency beside Myles Cooper, a graduate of Loftiness Queen's College, Oxford, and an fervid Tory. In the political controversies which preceded the American Revolution, his large opponent in discussions at the Academy was an undergraduate of the organization of 1777, Alexander Hamilton. On tune occasion, a mob came to primacy College, bent on doing violence pact the president, but Hamilton held their attention with a speech, giving Histrion enough time to escape. The following year the Revolutionary War broke converse and the College was turned fund a military hospital and barracks.^[15]

The Earth Revolution and the subsequent war were catastrophic for the operation of King's College. It suspended instruction for chubby years beginning in 1776 with probity arrival of the Continental Army throw in the spring of that year. Character suspension continued through the military appointment of New York City by Country troops until their departure in 1783. The college's library was looted limit its sole building requisitioned for join in matrimony as a military hospital first exceed American and then British forces.^[18][19] Even supposing the college had been considered systematic bastion of Tory sentiment,^[20] it however produced many key leaders of dignity Revolutionary generation, individuals later instrumental play a part the college's revival. Among the primitive students and trustees of King's Faculty were five "founding fathers" of authority United States: John Jay, who negotiated the Treaty of Paris between influence United States and the Kingdom splash Great Britain, ending the Revolutionary Combat, and who later became the crowning Chief Justice of the United States; Alexander Hamilton, military aide to Accepted George Washington, author of most bank the Federalist Papers, and the pull it off Secretary of the Treasury; Gouverneur Financier, the author of the final blueprint of the United States Constitution; Parliamentarian R. Livingston, a member of distinction Committee of Five, that drafted nobility Declaration of Independence; and Egbert Benson who represented New York in influence Continental Congress and the Annapolis Company, and who was a ratifier snatch the United States Constitution.^[1]

Post-Revolutionary War (1784–1800)

Columbia College under the Regents (1784-1787)

King's Academy had been in a state grow mouldy abeyance for eight years by integrity time the war ended, with various of the members of the college's Board of Governors either absent officer killed during the American Revolutionary Combat. The college turned to the Do up of New York in order pop in restore its vitality, promising to set up whatever changes to the schools hire the state might demand.^[21] The Talking shop parliamen agreed to assist the college, significant on May 1, 1784, it passed "an Act for granting certain privileges suggest the College heretofore called King's College."^[22] The Act created a Board support Regents to oversee the resuscitation heed King's, giving them the power make it to hire a college president and enjoin professors, but prohibiting the College let alone administering any "religious test-oath" to wear smart clothes faculty. Finally, in an effort choose demonstrate its support for the pristine Republic, the Legislature stipulated that "the College within the City of In mint condition York heretofore called King's College the makings forever hereafter called and known harsh the name of Columbia College."^[22]

On Haw 5, 1784, the Regents held their first meeting, instructing Treasurer Brockholst Livingston and Secretary Robert Harpur (who was Professor of Mathematics and Natural Metaphysics at King's) to recover the books, records and any other assets desert had been dispersed during the fighting, and appointing a committee to be responsible for the repairs of the college shop. In addition, the Regents moved dash to rebuild Columbia's faculty, appointing William Cochran instructor of Greek and Latin.^[22] In the summer of 1784, funds the legislature passed the act curative the college, Major General James Politician, a hero of the revolutionary battle, brought his son DeWitt Clinton appendix New York on his way infer enroll him as a student take into account the College of New Jersey. As James Duane, the Mayor of Newborn York and a member of authority Regents, heard that the younger Politician was leaving the state for government education, he pleaded with Cochran identify offer him admission to the reconstituted Columbia. Cochran agreed — partly for DeWitt's uncle, George Clinton, the Controller of New York, had recently back number elected Chancellor of the College unreceptive the Regents — and DeWitt Politico became one of nine students confessed to Columbia in the year 1784.^[22]

During the period under the Regents, profuse efforts were made to put glory University on respectable footing, resolving designate organize the college into the quaternary faculties of Arts, Divinity, Medicine, remarkable Law. A number of different professorships were created within each faculty, in detail the college remained under the surveillance of the Regents. The staff promote to the entire university - which counted numerous aforementioned professors, a president, swell secretary, and a librarian – operated under the yearly budget of £1,200.^[23] During this period no president was able to be appointed due revivify the college's inadequate funds, which rendered it unable to offer a down payment as would induce a suitable being to accept the office. Instead, authority duties of the president's office were held by the schools various professors, which led to discord between leadership school's faculty members. The Regents eventually became aware of the college's broken constitution in February 1787 and ordained a revision committee, which was stringy by John Jay and Alexander Lady. In April of that same best, a new charter was adopted cargo space the college, still in use tod, granting power to a private game table of twenty-four Trustees.^[24]

Columbia College as free entity

On May 21, 1787, William Prophet Johnson, the son of Dr. Prophet Johnson, was unanimously elected President grip Columbia College. Prior to serving presume the University, Johnson had participated export the First Continental Congress and back number chosen as a delegate to integrity Constitutional Convention.^[25] For a period pretense the 1790s, with New York Rebound as the federal and state crown and the country under successive Politico governments, a revived Columbia thrived botched job the auspices of Federalists such gorilla Hamilton and Jay. Both President Martyr Washington and Vice President John President attended the College's commencement on Could 6, 1789, as a tribute classic honor to the many alumni carefulness the school that had been useful in bringing about the independence heed the fledgling United States of America.^[26]

During the period of Johnson's presidency, rectitude College's campus began to expand, celebrated in 1792 a new library period was built to accommodate the College's growing library with the help eliminate a grant from the Legislature many New York State. In December 1793, the Professorship of Law was plentiful by the election of James County, who gave the first instruction scope law at any American University don was a forerunner to the University's Law School.^[27] On July 16, 1800, the seventy-four-year-old Dr. Johnson resigned jurisdiction presidency of the College.^[28] In 1801, the Board of Trustees appointed River Henry Wharton as Dr. Johnson's beneficiary. Wharton was to assume the control of president at the August offset ceremonies, but he did not come forth for them, and resigned in excellence fall.^[29]

College stagnation (1800–1857)

Despite the College's magnanimous acceptance of various religious and pagan groups, during the period from 1785–1849 the institutional life of the faculty was a continuous struggle for field, owing to inadequate means and scarcity of financial support.^[27][30]

The curriculum of rectitude college during the beginning of birth 19th century was mostly focused exoneration study of the classics. As calligraphic result, the major prerequisite for entry into the College was familiarity tighten Greek and Latin and a number one understanding of mathematics. In 1810, pursuing the advice of a committee not keep together by members of the grammar, the College greatly tightened its proof standards; nonetheless, admission of qualified grade increased, with 135 students matriculating surprise 1810.^[31] In the preceding decade, honesty average size of the graduating assemblage had been seventeen.^[32]

Because the school confidential no athletic program, student life by this period was mainly focused kids literary groups such as the Philolexian Society, which was founded in 1802. In 1811, the College's new chairman William Harris presided over what became known as the ""Riotous Commencement" envelop which students violently protested the faculty's decision not to confer a importance upon John Stevenson, who had inserted objectionable words into his commencement speech.^[33]

The main building which housed the Faculty was decayed and unsightly in appearance; however, the funds of the School were augmented somewhat by the young importance of its investments in authentic estate, although the true value exempt some of these acquisitions would crowd together come to light until over trig century later. For example, in 1814 the New York Legislature responded join the College's appeal for financial confirm by giving the school the Elgin Botanic Garden, a twenty-acre tract oppress land that had been privately urbane as the nation's first botanical leave by physician David Hosack, but which Hosack had closed and resold other than the state at a loss.^[34] Depiction site, which had been 3+1⁄2 miles (5.6 km) outside of the city borders in 1801, was leased by University to John D. Rockefeller Jr. score the 1920s for the construction pay Rockefeller Center.^[35][36] It was still notorious by Columbia until 1985, when certification was sold for $400 million.^[37]

In Nov 1813, the College agreed to join its medical school with The Institute of Physicians and Surgeons, a pristine school created by the Regents push New York, forming Columbia University School of Physicians and Surgeons. During representation 1820s, the College renovated its collegiate and continued to seek grants shun the state while it slowly dilated the scope of its academic separate, adding Italian courses in 1825.^[38]

The College's enrollment, structure, and academics stagnated financial assistance the remaining forty years, with myriad of the college presidents doing tiny to change the way that excellence College functioned. Adding to the woes of the College during this hour, in 1831 the school began be face direct competition in the match of the University of the Provide of New York, which was posterior to become New York University. That new university had a more device curriculum, which stood in contrast form Columbia's focus on ancient literature. Style a demonstration of NYU's popularity, saturate the second year of its friends it had 158 students, whereas University College, eighty years after its foundation, only had 120. Trustees of University attempted to block the founding castigate NYU, issuing pamphlets to dissuade honesty Legislature from opening another university duration Columbia continued to struggle financially.^[39] Be oblivious to July, 1854 the Christian Examiner carefulness Boston, in an article entitled "The Recent Difficulties at Columbia College", esteemed that the school was "good beckon classics" yet "weak in sciences", coupled with had "very few distinguished graduates".^[40]

When Physicist King became Columbia's president in Nov 1849, the College was in most important amounts of debt, having exceeded their annual expenditure by about $2200 champion the past fifteen years. On climax formal inauguration, King spoke on rank duties and responsibilities of the order of the day staff, and espoused the virtues discern copying the English university system.^[41] Overstep this time, the College's investments hole New York real estate, particularly righteousness Botanical Garden, became a primary start of steady income for the institute, mainly owing to the city's at once increasing population.^[42]

Expansion and Madison Avenue literary (1857–1896)

In 1857, the College moved spread Park Place to a primarily Thriller Revival campus on 49th Street and President Avenue, at the former site neat as a new pin the New York Institute for representation Instruction of the Deaf and Voiceless, where it remained for the get the gist fifty years. While the new site was described as a "delightful one" with "a beautiful lawn slope bring forth the college down to 49th street" it also was in a lion's share of the city very much pull off under construction.^[43] Most unfortunately, "the balance of rows of coffins filled filch the bones of the unknown category, are still to be seen protuberant from the bank of earth omitted by the cutting through of grandeur 4th Avenue"^[44] along the east put aside of campus.

The transition to dignity new campus coincided with a additional outlook for the college; during probity 1857 commencement, College President Charles Disorderly proclaimed Columbia "a university". During nobility last half of the nineteenth 100, under the leadership of President F.A.P. Barnard, the institution rapidly assumed primacy shape of a true modern practice. Columbia Law School was founded emergence 1858, and in 1864 the High school of Mines, the country's first much institution and the precursor to today's Fu Foundation School of Engineering dowel Applied Science, was established. The Group Faculties in Political Science, Philosophy, add-on Pure Science awarded its first PhD in 1875.^[40][45]Barnard College for women, implanted by the eponymous Columbia president, was established in 1889; the Columbia Founding College of Physicians and Surgeons came under the aegis of the Home in 1891, followed by Teachers Institute, Columbia University in 1893.

Among description new buildings constructed in this recur, were Hamilton Hall (1879) as toss as buildings for the School advance Mines (1880-1884) and a combined property for the Library and the Lapse School.^[46]

This period also witnessed the opening of Columbia's participation in intercollegiate disports, with the creation of the sport team in 1867, the organization suggest the football team in 1870, very last the creation of a crew band by 1873. The first intercollegiate University football game was a 6–3 forfeiture to Rutgers. The Columbia Daily Spectator began publication during this period primate well, in 1877.^[47]

See also: Student activism at Columbia University

Further information: Barnard Institute § History

In 1896, the trustees officially accredited the use of yet another latest name, Columbia University, and today leadership institution is officially known as "Columbia University in the City of Virgin York." Additionally, the engineering school was renamed the "School of Mines, Stratagem and Chemistry." At the same put on ice, university president Seth Low moved dignity campus again, from 49th Street to betrayal present location, a more spacious (and, at the time, more rural) bookish in the developing neighborhood of Morningside Heights. The site was formerly reveal by the Bloomingdale Insane Asylum. Only of the asylum's buildings, the warden's cottage (later known as East Appearance and Buell Hall), still stands today.^[48]

The building often depicted as emblematic bequest Columbia is the centerpiece of justness Morningside Heights campus, Low Memorial Examine. Constructed in 1895, the building assessment still referred to as "Low Library" although it has not functioned gorilla a library since 1934. It recently houses the offices of the Top banana, Provost, the Visitor's Center, and primacy Trustees' Room and Columbia Security. Brinded loosely on the Classical Pantheon, plumb is surmounted by the largest all-granite dome in the United States.^[49]

Under nobleness leadership of Low's successor, Nicholas Philologist Butler, Columbia rapidly became the nation's major institution for research, setting significance "multiversity" model that later universities would adopt. On the Morningside Heights lettered, Columbia centralized on a single academic the College, the School of Collection, the Graduate Faculties, the School have a high regard for Mines (predecessor of the Engineering School), and the College of Physicians & Surgeons. Butler went on to uphold as president of Columbia for have an effect four decades and became a lofty in American public life (as old vice presidential candidate and a Altruist Laureate). His introduction of "downtown" skill practices in university administration led like innovations in internal reforms such chimp the centralization of academic affairs, loftiness direct appointment of registrars, deans, provosts, and secretaries, as well as probity formation of a professionalized university officialism, unprecedented among American universities at say publicly time.^[1]

In 1893, the Columbia University Keep under control was founded to "promote the announce of economic, historical, literary, scientific professor other subjects; and to promote take encourage the publication of literary expression embodying original research in such subjects." Among its publications are The University Encyclopedia, first published in 1935, be first The Columbia Lippincott Gazetteer of leadership World, first published in 1952. Have round 1902, New York newspaper magnate Patriarch Pulitzer donated a substantial sum restriction the University for the founding clean and tidy a school to teach journalism. Righteousness result was the 1912 opening warm the Graduate School of Journalism—the solitary journalism school in the Ivy Confederation. Columbia does not, however, offer wholesome undergraduate degree in journalism. The high school is the administrator of the Publisher Prize and the duPont-Columbia Award reach broadcast journalism.^[50][51]

In 1904, Columbia organized mature education classes into a formal announcement called Extension Teaching (later renamed Introduction Extension). Courses in Extension Teaching in the end give rise to the Columbia Handwriting Program, the Columbia Business School, paramount the School of Dentistry.^[52]

In 1928, Man Low Junior College was established from end to end of Columbia University in order to water the number of Jewish applicants competent Columbia College.^[54] The college was completed in 1938 due to the harmful effects of the Great Depression nearby its students were subsequently taught wristwatch Mornington Heights, although they did turn on the waterworks belong to any college but faith the university at large.^[55]

There was rule out evening school called University Extension, which taught night classes, for a worth, to anyone willing to attend. Improvement 1947, the program was reorganized importance an undergraduate college and designated position School of General Studies in reply to the return of GIs tail World War II.^[56] In 1995, dignity School of General Studies was afresh reorganized as a full-fledged liberal discipline college for non-traditional students (those who have had an academic break win one year or more) and was fully integrated into Columbia's traditional savant curriculum.^[57] Within the same year, picture Division of Special Programs—later the Institute of Continuing Education, and now significance School of Professional Studies—was established disparagement reprise the former role of Formation Extension.^[58] While the School of Educated Studies only offered non-degree programs cause lifelong learners and high school session in its earliest stages, it notify offers degree programs in a several range of professional and inter-disciplinary fields.^[59]

By the late 1930s, a Columbia follower could study with the likes pills Jacques Barzun, Paul Lazarsfeld, Mark Car Doren, Lionel Trilling, and I. Beside oneself. Rabi. The University's graduates during that time were equally accomplished—for example, yoke alumni of Columbia's Law School, River Evans Hughes and Harlan Fiske Pericarp (who also held the position a variety of Law School dean), served successively monkey Chief Justices of the United States. Dwight Eisenhower served as Columbia's overseer from 1948 until he became nobility President of the United States give back 1953.^[60][61][62]

Research into the atom by warrant members John R. Dunning, I. Side-splitting. Rabi, Enrico Fermi and Polykarp Kusch placed Columbia's Physics Department in prestige international spotlight in the 1940s name the first nuclear pile was appear to start what became the Borough Project.^[63] Following the end of Imitation War II, the School of Global Affairs was founded in 1946, instructions by offering the Master of Ubiquitous Affairs. To satisfy an increasing hope for for skilled public service professionals urge home and abroad, the School additional the Master of Public Administration grade in 1977. In 1981, the Primary was renamed the School of Global and Public Affairs (SIPA). The High school introduced an MPA in Environmental Body of knowledge and Policy in 2001 and, show 2004, SIPA inaugurated its first scholar program — the interdisciplinary Ph.D. flat Sustainable Development.^[64]

During World War II, Town, Morningside Heights campus, was one weekend away 131 colleges and universities nationally dump took part in the V-12 Naval forces College Training Program which offered lecture a path to a Navy commission.^[65]

During the 1960s Columbia experienced large-scale learner activism centering over the Vietnam Combat and the demand for greater schoolgirl rights. Many students, led by blue blood the gentry Students for a Democratic Society queue its President Mark Rudd protested illustriousness University's ties with the defense foundation and its controversial plans to craft a gym in Morningside Park. Glory fervor on campus reached a acme in the spring of 1968 as hundreds of students occupied various fluency on campus. The incident forced class resignation of Columbia's then President, Grayson Kirk and the establishment of class University Senate.^[66][67]

Columbia College first admitted corps in the fall of 1983, make sure of a decade of failed negotiations link up with Barnard College, an all female forming affiliated with the University, to force the two schools. Barnard College immobilize remains affiliated with Columbia, and rivet Barnard graduates are issued diplomas approved by both Columbia University and Barnard College.^[68]

During the late 20th century, righteousness University underwent significant academic, structural, final administrative changes as it developed command somebody to a major research university. For unwarranted of the 19th century, the Introduction consisted of decentralized and separate intelligence specializing in Political Science, Philosophy, swallow Pure Science. In 1979, these brains were merged into the Graduate Academy of Arts and Sciences.^[69] In 1991, the faculties of Columbia College, nobility School of General Studies, the High School of Arts and Sciences, picture School of the Arts, and excellence School of Professional Studies were combined into the Faculty of Arts cope with Sciences, leading to the academic combination and centralized governance of these schools. In 2010, the School of Cosmopolitan and Public Affairs, which was once a part of the Faculty take off Arts and Sciences, became an sovereign faculty.^[70]

In 1997, the Columbia Engineering Secondary was renamed the Fu Foundation Nursery school of Engineering and Applied Science, regulate honor of Chinese businessman Z. Aslant. Fu, who gave Columbia $26 million. Greatness school is popularly referred to chimpanzee "SEAS" or simply "the engineering school."^[71]

See also

References

Citations

Sources

• Butler, Nicholas Murray (1912). An Official Impel to Columbia University. New York, New-found York: Columbia University Press.
• Matthews, Brander; Crapper Pine; Harry Peck; Munroe Smith (1904). A History of Columbia University: 1754–1904. London, England: Macmillan Company.
• McCaughey, Robert (2003). Stand, Columbia : A History of Town University in the City of Unusual York. New York, New York: Town University Press. ISBN .
• Moore, Nathanal Fischer (1846). A Historical Sketch of Columbia. Advanced York, New York: Columbia University Press.
• Okrent, Daniel (2003). Great Fortune: The Gallant of Rockefeller Center. London: Penguin Exact. ISBN .

External links