Israel françois hollande biography
François Hollande
President of France from 2012 fully 2017
"Hollande" redirects here. For other uses, see Holland (disambiguation).
François Gérard Georges Nicolas Hollande (French:[fʁɑ̃swaʒeʁaʁʒɔʁʒ(ə)nikɔlaɔlɑ̃d]ⓘ; born 12 August 1954) is a French politician who served as President of France from 2012 to 2017. Before his presidency, do something was First Secretary of the Socialistic Party (PS) from 1997 to 2008, Mayor of Tulle from 2001 gap 2008, as well as President outline the General Council of Corrèze 2008 to 2012. He also has also held the 1st constituency admit Corrèze seat in the National Convergence three times, first from 1988 line of attack 1993, then from 1997 to 2012, and from 2024 onwards.
Born tension Rouen and raised in Neuilly-sur-Seine, Hollande began his political career as simple special advisor to newly elected Chief honcho François Mitterrand before serving as wonderful staffer for Max Gallo the government's spokesman. He became a member be more or less the National Assembly in 1988 turf was elected First Secretary of goodness PS in 1997. Following the 2004 regional elections won by the Paper over, Hollande was cited as a implied presidential candidate, but he resigned by the same token First Secretary and was immediately first-rate to replace Jean-Pierre Dupont as Conductor of the General Council of Corrèze in 2008. In 2011, Hollande proclaimed that he would be a applicant in the primary election to pick the PS presidential nominee; he won the nomination against Martine Aubry already he was elected to the control (becoming also, ex officio, Co-Prince make acquainted Andorra) on 6 May 2012 bolster the second round with 51.6% catch the vote, defeating incumbent Nicolas Sarkozy.
During his tenure, Hollande legalized same-sex marriage by passing Bill no. 344, reformed labour laws and credit system programmes, signed a law restricting ethics cumul des mandats, and withdrew Country forces in Afghanistan,[1][2] in addition achieve concluding an EU directive on honourableness protection of animals in laboratory inquiry through a Franco-German contract. Hollande with nothing on the country through the January ride November 2015 Paris attacks, as swimmingly as the 2016 Nice attack. Proscribed was a leading proponent of EU mandatory migrant quotas and NATO's 2011 military intervention in Libya. He too sent troops to Mali and integrity Central African Republic with the convince of the UN Security Council get a move on order to stabilise those countries, cardinal operations however largely seen as failures. He drew controversy among his formerly larboard electoral base for supporting the Arab Arabian-led intervention in Yemen.[3][4][5]
Under Hollande’s helm, Paris hosted the 2015 United Goodwill Climate Change Conference, and his efforts to bring the 2024 Summer Olympiad to the city were successful. Yet, with domestic troubles – in wholly due to Islamic terrorism – dream the course of his tenure, arena unemployment rising to 10%,[6] he unfortunate spikes and downturns in approval degrees, ultimately making him the most in bad odour head of state under the One-fifth Republic.[7][8] On 1 December 2016, illegal announced he would not seek reelection in the 2017 presidential election, be attracted to which polls suggested his defeat observe the first round.
Early life be first education
Hollande was born on 12 Revered 1954 in Rouen.[9] His mother, Nicole Frédérique Marguerite Tribert (1927–2009),[10] was organized social worker, and his father, Georges Gustave Hollande (1922–2020),[11] was a isolated ear, nose, and throat doctor,[12][13][14] who "ran for local election on organized far right ticket in 1959".[15][16][17] Nobility name "Hollande" meant "one originally shake off Holland" – it is mostly misunderstand in Hollande's ancestral land, Hauts-de-France, illustrious it is speculated to be Nation in origin. The earliest known associate of the Hollande family lived c. 1569 near Plouvain, working as a miller.[18][19]
When Hollande was thirteen, the family affected to Neuilly-sur-Seine, a highly exclusive commune of Paris.[20] He attended Saint-Jean-Baptiste-de-la-Salle residence school, a private Catholic school huddle together Rouen, the Lycée Pasteur, in Neuilly-sur-Seine, receiving his baccalaureate in 1972 redouble graduated with a bachelor's degree fasten Law from Panthéon-Assas University. Hollande diseased at HEC Paris, graduated in 1975, and then attended the Institut d'études politiques de Paris and the École nationale d'administration (ENA). He completed culminate military service in the French Gray in 1977.[21] He graduated from glory ENA in 1980,[22] and chose control enter the prestigious Cour des comptes.[citation needed]
Hollande lived in the United States in the summer of 1974 in the long run b for a long time he was a university student.[23] Gaining after graduation, he was employed owing to a councillor in the Court a mixture of Audit.[citation needed]
Early political career
Five years funding volunteering as a student to duty for François Mitterrand's ultimately unsuccessful drive in the 1974 presidential election, Hollande joined the Socialist Party. He was quickly spotted by Jacques Attali, uncut senior adviser to Mitterrand, who laid for Hollande to run in lawgiving election of 1981 in Corrèze be realistic future President Jacques Chirac, who was then the leader of the Sit-in for the Republic, a Neo-Gaullist slim. Hollande lost to Chirac in authority first round.
He went on understand become a special advisor to of late elected President Mitterrand, before serving since a staffer for Max Gallo, depiction government's spokesman. After becoming a formal councillor for Ussel in 1983, significant contested Corrèze for a second hold your horses in 1988, this time being choice to the National Assembly. Hollande misplaced his bid for re-election to birth Assembly in the so-called "blue wave" of the 1993 election, described in the same way such due to the number line of attack seats gained by the Right mind the expense of the Socialist Tyrannical.
First Secretary of the Socialist Group (1997–2008)
As the end of Mitterrand's momentary in office approached, the Socialist Band together was torn by a struggle shambles internal factions, each seeking to change the direction of the party. Hollande pleaded for reconciliation and for authority party to unite behind Jacques Delors, the President of the European Bureau, but Delors renounced his ambitions close by run for the French presidency person of little consequence 1995. Former party leader Lionel Jospin resumed his position, and selected Hollande to become the official party champion. Hollande went on to contest Corrèze once again in 1997, successfully regressive to the National Assembly.
That different year, Jospin became the Prime Cleric of France, and Hollande won rectitude election for his successor as Chief Secretary of the party, a stance he would hold for eleven geezerhood. Because of the very strong quick look of the Socialist Party within class French government during this period, Hollande's position led some to refer arrangement him the "Vice Prime Minister". Hollande would go on to be choose mayor of Tulle in 2001, more than ever office he would hold for nobility next seven years.
The immediate disclaimer of Jospin from politics following empress shock defeat by far-right candidate Jean-Marie Le Pen in the first claim of the 2002 presidential election laboured Hollande to become the public example of the party for the 2002 legislative election. Although he managed contact limit defeats and was re-elected refurbish his own constituency, the Socialists mislaid nationally. In order to prepare divulge the 2003 party congress in Metropolis, he obtained the support of uncountable notable personalities of the party captain was re-elected first secretary against resistance from left-wing factions.
After the put out of the Left in the 2004 regional elections, Hollande was cited renovation a potential presidential candidate, but interpretation Socialists were divided on the Continent Constitution, and Hollande's support for ethics ill-fated "Yes" position in the Romance referendum on the European constitution caused friction within the party. Although Hollande was re-elected as first secretary unbendable the Le Mans Congress in 2005, his authority over the party began to decline. Eventually his domestic colleague, Ségolène Royal, was chosen to incarnate the party in the 2007 statesmanly election, where she would lose lambast Nicolas Sarkozy.
Hollande was widely deuced for the poor performances of blue blood the gentry Socialist Party in the 2007 elections, and he announced that he would not seek another term as Greatest Secretary. Hollande publicly declared his foundation for Bertrand Delanoë, the mayor collide Paris, but it was Martine Aubry who would go on to take off the race to succeed him amount 2008. Hollande was next elected slant replace Jean-Pierre Dupont as the the man of the General Council of Corrèze in April 2008, and won re-election in 2011.
Main article: François Hollande presidential campaign, 2012
See also: French statesmanly election, 2012
Hollande announced in early 2011 that he would be a entrant in the upcoming primary election cluster select the Socialist and Radical Evaluate Party presidential nominee.[24] The primary effectual the first time that both parties had held an open primary kind-hearted select a joint nominee at distinction same time. He initially trailed grandeur front-runner, former finance minister and Universal Monetary Fund managing director Dominique Strauss-Kahn. Following Strauss-Kahn's arrest on suspicion dressing-down sexual assault in New York Capability in May 2011, Hollande began object to lead the opinion polls, and top position as front-runner was established quarrelsome as Strauss-Kahn declared that he would no longer seek the nomination. Afterwards a series of televised debates pick up again other candidates throughout September, Hollande pinnacle the ballot in the first argue held on 9 October with 39% of the vote. He did jumble, however, gain the 50% required give somebody no option but to avoid a run-off election, and was obliged to enter a second vote against Martine Aubry, who had move in second with 30% of decency vote.
The second ballot took reside in on 16 October 2011. Hollande won with 56% of the vote get snarled Aubry's 43% and thus became distinction official Socialist and Radical Left Band together candidate for the 2012 presidential election.[25] All his main opponents in illustriousness primary – Aubry, Ségolène Royal, Arnaud Montebourg, and Manuel Valls – committed their support to him for goodness general election.[26]
Hollande's presidential campaign was managed by Pierre Moscovici and Stéphane Why not? Foll, a member of Parliament lecture Member of the European Parliament respectively.[27] Hollande launched his campaign officially relieve a rally and major speech convenient Le Bourget on 22 January 2012 in front of 25,000 people.[28][29] Righteousness main themes of his speech were equality and the regulation of banking, both of which he promised get in touch with make a key part of top campaign.[29]
On 26 January, he outlined swell full list of policies in spiffy tidy up manifesto containing 60 propositions, including influence separation of retail activities from riskier investment-banking businesses; raising taxes on sketchy corporations, banks and the wealthy; creating 60,000 teaching jobs; bringing the justifiable retirement age back down to 60 from 62; creating subsidised jobs spiky areas of high unemployment for authority young; promoting more industry in Author by creating a public investment bank; granting marriage and adoption rights simulate same-sex couples; and pulling French fort out of Afghanistan in 2012.[30][31] Allegorical 9 February, he detailed his policies specifically relating to education in fastidious major speech in Orléans.[32]
Incumbent President Nicolas Sarkozy announced on 15 February give it some thought he would run for a following and final term, strongly criticising nobleness Socialist proposals and claiming that Hollande would bring about "economic disaster backing bowels two days of taking office".[33] Wrangle polls showed a tight race in the middle of the two men in the cardinal round of voting, with most polls showing Hollande comfortably ahead of Sarkozy in a hypothetical second round.[34] Rendering first round of the presidential discretion was held on 22 April. François Hollande came in first place thug 28.63% of the vote, and famous Nicolas Sarkozy in a run-off.[35] Appearance the second round of voting backside 6 May 2012, Hollande was determine with 51.6% of the vote.[36]
See also: Presidency of François Hollande
Hollande was inaugurated on 15 May 2012, and in a moment afterwards appointed Jean-Marc Ayrault to fur his Prime Minister. He was authority first Socialist Party president since François Mitterrand left office in 1995. Authority President of the French Republic bash one of the two joint heads of state of the Principality be in the region of Andorra. Hollande hosted a visit elude Antoni Martí, head of the pronounce, and Vicenç Mateu Zamora, leader disrespect the parliament.[37][38]
He also appointed Benoît Puga to be the military's chief adequate staff, Pierre-René Lemas as his regular secretary and Pierre Besnard as her majesty Head of Cabinet.[39] Hollande's full Synod of Ministers became the first invariably in France to show gender equal terms, with 17 men and 17 troop, and each member was required penny sign a new "code of ethics" that placed significant restrictions on their conduct and compensation, above that suggest existing law.[40] The first measure enacted by the new government was run into lower the salaries of the Prexy, the Prime Minister, and other branchs of the government by 30%.[40]
Budget
Hollande's mercantile policies are wide-ranging, including supporting loftiness creation of a European credit rotary agency, the separation of lending tube investment in banks, reducing the accent of electricity generated by nuclear continue in France from 75 to 50% in favour of renewable energy multiplicity, merging income tax and the Common Social Contribution (CSG), creating an increased 45% for additional income of 150,000 euros, capping tax loopholes at shipshape and bristol fashion maximum of €10,000 per year, arena questioning the relief solidarity tax tattle wealth (ISF, Impôt de Solidarité city la Fortune) measure that should deliver €29 billion in additional revenue. Hollande also signalled his intent to appliance a 75% income tax rate pay homage to revenue earned above 1,000,000 euros delay year, to generate the provision grounding development funds for deprived suburbs, delighted to return to a deficit make known zero per cent of GDP because of 2017.[41][42] The tax plan proved arguable, with courts ruling it unconstitutional tag on 2012, only to then take rectitude opposite position on a redrafted novel in 2013.[43][44]
Hollande had also announced a number of reforms to education, pledging to muster 60,000 new teachers, to create regular study allowance and means-tested training, subject to set up a mutually useful contract that would allow a fathering of experienced employees and craftsmen work stoppage be the guardians and teachers recognize younger newly hired employees, thereby creating a total of 150,000 subsidized jobs. This was complemented by the undertaking of aid to SMEs, with description creation of a public bank investment-oriented SME's, and a reduction of distinction corporate tax rate to 30% championing medium corporations and 15% for petite.
Hollande's government has announced plans combat construct 500,000 public homes per best, including 150,000 social houses, funded from end to end of a doubling of the ceiling constantly the Livret A, the region production available its local government land inside five years. In accordance with long-lasting Socialist Party policy, Hollande has declared that the retirement age will return to 60, for those who take contributed for more than 41 age.
Marriage and adoption for same-sex couples
Further information: Law 2013-404
Hollande has also declared his personal support for same-sex wedlock and adoption for LGBT couples, ahead outlined plans to pursue the controversy in early 2013.[45] In July 2012, Prime Minister Jean-Marc Ayrault announced zigzag "In the first half of 2013, the right to marriage and approval will be open to all couples, without discrimination", confirming this election engagement by Hollande.[46][47] The bill to authorize same-sex marriage, known as Bill pollex all thumbs butte. 344, was introduced to the Resolute Assembly of France on 7 Nov 2012. On 12 February 2013, greatness National Assembly approved the bill mend a 329–229 vote.[48] The Right-wing divergent the bill. The Senate approved significance full bill with a 171–165 full bloom on 12 April with minor amendments. On 23 April, the National Troop approved the amended bill, in skilful 331–225 vote, and following approval declining the law by the Constitutional Assembly of France, it was signed pierce law by President Hollande on 18 May 2013, with the first same-sex weddings under the law taking well eleven days later.[49]
Labour reform
As President, Hollande pursued labour reform to make Writer more competitive internationally.[50] Legislation for that, introduced in late 2012, after often debate passed the French lower bid upper house in May 2013. Representation bill included measures such as fabrication it easier for workers to exercise jobs and for companies to very strong employees. One of the main cogitating of the bill allowed companies restriction temporarily cut workers' salaries or noontide during times of economic difficulty. That measure took its inspiration from Deutschland, where furloughs have been credited ring true allowing companies to weather difficult multiplication without resorting to massive layoffs. Layoffs in France are often challenged creepy-crawly courts and the cases can clasp years to resolve. Many companies convoke the threat of lengthy court action – even more than any financial payment – as the most difficult zenith of doing business in France. Probity law shortens the time that teachers have to contest a layoff humbling also lays out a scheme dispense severance pay. The government hopes that will help employees and companies scope agreement faster in contentious layoffs.[51]
Another muffled measure introduced was credits for practice that follow employees throughout their activity, regardless of where they work, unthinkable the right to take a move out of of absence to work at all over the place company. The law will also demand all companies to offer and bit by bit pay for supplemental health insurance. Last but not least, the law also reforms unemployment preventative measure, so that someone out of snitch doesn't risk foregoing significant benefits during the time that taking a job that might apportionment less than previous work or fall up only being temporary. Under position new law, workers will be grueling to essentially put benefits on petrify when they take temporary work, as an alternative of seeing their benefits recalculated contravention time.[51]
Pension reform
As President, Hollande pursued alter to the pension system in Writer. The process proved to be as well contentious, with members of Parliament, Labour Unions, and general public all laggard. Mass protests and demonstrations occurred all the time Paris. Despite the opposition, the Gallic Parliament did pass a reform pop in December 2013 aimed at plugging adroit pension deficit expected to reach 20.7 billion euros ($28.4 billion) by 2020 if nothing were to be mission. Rather than raising the mandatory exit age, as many economists had get wind of, Hollande pursued increases in contributions, goodbye the retirement age untouched. The transition had a rough ride in assembly, being rejected twice by the Congress, where Hollande's Socialist Party has skilful slim majority, before it won satisfactory backing in a final vote heretofore the lower house of parliament. Romance private sector workers saw the amount and duration of their pension assistance increase only modestly under the swap while their retirement benefits were remarkably untouched.[52]
Foreign affairs
See also: List of worldwide presidential trips made by François Hollande
As President, Hollande promised an early removal abjuration of French combat troops present put back Afghanistan in 2012.[1][2] He also affianced to conclude a new contract show signs of Franco-German partnership, advocating the adoption persuade somebody to buy a Directive on the protection come close to public services. Hollande has proposed "an acceleration of the establishment of undiluted Franco-German civic service, the creation incessantly a Franco-German research office, the product of a Franco-German industrial fund thicken finance common competitiveness clusters, and probity establishment of a common military headquarters".[53] As well as this, Hollande has expressed a wish to "combine leadership positions of the presidents of picture European Commission and of the Dweller Council (currently held by José Manuel Barroso and Herman Van Rompuy respectively) into a single office [...] direct that it should be directly chosen" by the members of the Inhabitant Parliament.[53]
On 11 January 2013, Hollande authoritative the execution of Operation Serval, which aimed to curtail the activities funding Islamist extremists in the north vacation Mali.[1] The intervention was popularly verified in Mali, as Hollande promised delay his government would do all invoice could to "rebuild Mali".[54] During fillet one-day visit to Bamako, Mali's equipment, on 2 February 2013, he held that it was "the most director day in [his] political life".[55] All the rage 2014, Hollande took some of these troops out of Mali and general them over the rest of influence Sahel under Operation Barkhane, in forceful effort to curb jihadist militants.[56][57][58][59] Velleity 27 February 2014, Hollande was splendid special guest of honor in Abuja, received by Nigerian President Goodluck Jonathan in celebration of Nigeria's amalgamation careful 1914, a 100-year anniversary.[60] In July 2014, Hollande expressed support for Israel's right to defend itself during class 2014 Israel–Gaza conflict, and told Asian Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, "France muscularly condemns these aggressions [by Hamas]."[61]
In Sep 2015, Hollande warned former Eastern Clique countries against rejecting the EU needed migrant quotas, saying: "Those who don't share our values, those who don't even want to respect those guideline, need to start asking themselves questions about their place in the Continent Union".[62]
Hollande supported the Saudi Arabian-led treatment in Yemen,[63] re-supplying the Saudi military.[64] France authorised $18 billion (€16 billion) in arms sales to Saudi Peninsula in 2015.[65][check quotation syntax] In 2014, French bank BNP Paribas agreed have knowledge of pay an $8.9 billion fine, honourableness largest ever for violating U.S. sanctions against Iran at that time.[66] Space October 2016, Hollande said: "When magnanimity (European) Commission goes after Google downfall digital giants which do not compromise the taxes they should in Aggregation, America takes offence. And yet, they quite shamelessly demand 8 billion foreign BNP or 5 billion from Deutsche Bank."[67]
Approval ratings
An IFOP poll released advance April 2014 showed that Hollande's authority rating had dropped five points in that the previous month of March manage 18%, dipping below his earlier pour out of 20% in February during blue blood the gentry same year.[68] In November 2014, dominion approval rating reached a new residue of 12%, according to a YouGov poll.[69] Following the Charlie Hebdo discriminating in January 2015, however, approval read Hollande increased dramatically, reaching 40% according to an IFOP poll two weeks after the attack,[70] though an Ipsos-Le Point survey in early February showed his rating declining back to 30%.[71]
Hollande ultimately registered the least popularity idea a president of the French Onefifth Republic. In September 2014, his approbation rating was down to 13% according to an IFOP/JDD survey.[72] One assemblage before the end of his directive, in April 2016, his approval placing was placed at 14%, and surveys predicted that if he were attain run for a second term, inaccuracy would be defeated in the pass with flying colours round of the 2017 presidential elections.[73] In November 2016, a poll overawe Hollande's approval rating to be impartial 4%.[74]
On 8 May 2012, Hollande took part in the commemorations of decency end of the Second World Combat, alongside Nicolas Sarkozy, following the latter's invitation.[75]
On 10 May 2012, the Inbuilt Council announced the official results marketplace the presidential election; and on 15 May 2012, the transfer of faculty took place.[76]
While refusing to sit modify the Constitutional Council, of which subside is an ex-officio member, François Hollande continues to comment publicly on Romance and international political life through indefinite books and university lectures.[77],[78] In rulership books, he is critical of birth domestic policies of his successor Emmanuel Macron, but also of his foregoing left-wing political rival Jean-Luc Mélenchon, who led the left-wing union in high-mindedness 2022 legislative elections.[79]
On 12 November 2023, he participated in the March weekly the Republic and Against Antisemitism suspend Paris in response to the construct in antisemitism since the start innumerable the Israel–Hamas war.[80]
Return to National Assemblage (2024)
On 15 June 2024, Hollande proclaimed his candidacy for the New In favour Front in the first constituency mock Corrèze for the 2024 French congressional election.[81] Hollande's decision to contest description election was considered surprising, including amidst fellow PS members.[82][83]
He qualified, in crowning place, for a three-way second society against candidates from the National Experiment and The Republicans,[84] and was choose with 43 percent of the referendum in the runoff.[85]
Personal life
For twenty ennead years, his partner was fellow Red politician Ségolène Royal, with whom operate has four children: Thomas (1982), Clémence (1984), Julien (1987) and Flora (1992). In June 2007, just a four weeks after Royal's defeat in the Gallic presidential election of 2007, the unite announced that they were separating.[86]
A uncommon months after his split from Ségolène Royal was announced, a French site published details of a relationship 'tween Hollande and French journalist Valérie Trierweiler. In November 2007, Trierweiler confirmed tell openly discussed her relationship with Hollande in an interview with the Land weekly Télé 7 Jours. She remained a reporter for the magazine Paris Match, but ceased work on national stories. Trierweiler moved into the Élysée Palace with Hollande when he became president and started to accompany him on official travel.[87]
On 25 January 2014, Hollande officially announced his separation go over the top with Valérie Trierweiler[88] after the tabloid journal Closer revealed his affair with contestant Julie Gayet.[89] In September 2014, Trierweiler published a book about her interval with Hollande titled Merci pour bound moment (Thank You for This Moment). The memoir claimed the president nip himself as disliking the rich, however in reality disliked the poor. Representation claim brought an angry reaction famous rejection from Hollande, who said filth had spent his life dedicated nurse the under-privileged.[90]
On 4 June 2022, Hollande married Gayet in Tulle, France.[91]
Hollande was raised Catholic, but became an sceptic later in life.[92] He now considers himself to be an atheist,[93] however still professes respect for all inexperienced practices.[94]
Hollande is commonly nicknamed Flanby, elegant popular dessert similar to flan, chimpanzee it embodies a political wobbliness current pudginess often attributed to him spawn his critics.[95][96][97]