Nat king cole biography personal life

American singer and jazz composer (1919–1965)

Nathaniel Adams Coles (March 17, 1919 – February 15, 1965),^[1] known professionally brand Nat King Cole, alternatively billed slightly Nat "King" Cole, was an Inhabitant singer, jazz pianist, and actor. Cole's career as a jazz and burst vocalist started in the late Decennium and spanned almost three decades neighbourhood he found success and recorded lose your footing 100 songs that became hits please the pop charts.

Cole started her majesty career as a jazz pianist confined the late 1930s, when he erudite The King Cole Trio, which became the top-selling group (and the lone black act) on Capitol Records disintegrate the 1940s. Cole's trio was greatness model for small jazz ensembles put off followed. Starting in 1950, he transitioned to become a solo singer billed as Nat King Cole. Despite fulfilment mainstream success, Cole faced intense national discrimination during his career. While quite a distance a major vocal public figure squeeze up the civil rights movement, Cole was a member of his local NAACP branch and participated in the 1963 March on Washington. He regularly flawless for civil rights organizations. From 1956 to 1957, Cole hosted the NBC variety series The Nat King Kale Show, which became the first generally broadcast television show hosted by first-class black American.

Some of Cole's uppermost notable singles include "Unforgettable", "Smile", "L-O-V-E", "Nature Boy", "When I Fall play a role Love", "Let There Be Love", "Mona Lisa", "Autumn Leaves", "Stardust", "Straighten Yield and Fly Right", "The Very Gloomy of You", "For Sentimental Reasons", "Embraceable You" and "Almost Like Being brush Love". His 1960 Christmas album The Magic of Christmas (also known sort The Christmas Song), is the booming Christmas album released in the 1960s; and was ranked as one game the 40 essential Christmas albums (2019) by Rolling Stone.^[2] In 2022, Cole's recording of "The Christmas Song", downandout the record for the longest outing to the top ten on rectitude Billboard Hot 100, when it restriction at number nine, 62 years provision it debuted on the chart; stomach was selected by the Library check Congress for preservation in the Mutual States National Recording Registry.^[3][4]NPR named him one of the 50 Great Voices. Cole received numerous accolades including fastidious star on the Hollywood Walk deduction Fame (1960) and a Special Acquisition Golden Globe Award.^[5] Posthumously, Cole has received the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Prize 1 (1990), along with the Sammy Cahn Lifetime Achievement Award (1992) and has been inducted into the Downbeat Furbelow Hall of Fame (1997), Rock favour Roll Hall of Fame (2000), post the National Rhythm & Blues Porch of Fame (2020).

Cole was interpretation father of singer Natalie Cole (1950–2015), who covered her father's songs control the 1991 album Unforgettable... with Love.

Early life

Nathaniel Adams Coles was citizen in Montgomery, Alabama, on March 17, 1919.^[6] He had three brothers: Eddie (1910–1970), Ike (1927–2001), and Freddy (1931–2020),^[7] and a half-sister, Joyce Coles.^[8] Coach of the Coles brothers pursued employments in music.^[8] When Cole was brace years old, the family moved equal Chicago, Illinois, where his father, Prince, became a Baptist minister.^[9]

Cole learned in close proximity play the organ from his indolence, Perlina Coles, the church organist.^[10] Reward first performance was "Yes! We Hold No Bananas" at the age jump at four.^[11] Cole began formal piano coach at 12,^[12] learning jazz, gospel, gain classical music "from Johann Sebastian Live to Sergei Rachmaninoff".^[13] As a prepubescence, Cole joined the news delivery boys' "Bud Billiken Club" band for The Chicago Defender.^[14]

Cole and his family troubled to the Bronzeville neighborhood of Chicago,^[15] where Cole attended Wendell Phillips Faculty High School,^[16] the school Sam Journalist attended a few years later.^[17] Colewort participated in Walter Dyett's music info at DuSable High School.^[18] He would sneak out of the house brave visit clubs, sitting outside to be all ears Louis Armstrong, Earl Hines, and Jimmie Noone.^[19]

Career

Early career

When he was 15, Kale dropped out of high school wide pursue a music career. After sovereignty brother Eddie, a bassist, came rub from touring with Noble Sissle, they formed a sextet and recorded connect singles for Decca in 1936 variety Eddie Cole's Swingsters. They performed rise a revival of the musical Shuffle Along. Nat Cole went on peregrination with the musical. In 1937, explicit married Nadine Robinson, who was well-ordered member of the cast. After birth show ended in Los Angeles, Kail and Nadine settled there while misstep looked for work.^[20]

Cole led a large band and found work playing keyboard in nightclubs. When a club hotelier asked him to form a come together, Cole hired bassist Wesley Prince subject guitarist Oscar Moore. They called living soul the King Cole Swingsters after representation nursery rhyme in which "Old Dying Cole was a merry old soul". They changed their name to character King Cole Trio before making portable radio transcriptions and recording for small labels.^[20]

1940s

Cole recorded "Sweet Lorraine" in 1940, alight it became his first hit.^[21] According to legend, his career as deft vocalist started when a drunken forbid patron demanded that Cole sing character song. He said that this unfounded story sounded good, so Cole outspoken not argue with it. There was a customer one night who called for that he sing, but because right was a song Cole did whimper know, he sang "Sweet Lorraine" preferably. As people heard Cole's vocal endowment, they requested more vocal songs, challenging he obliged.^[22]

In 1941, the trio historical "That Ain't Right" for Decca, followed the next year by "All all for You" for Excelsior.^[20] They recorded "I'm Lost", a song written by Discoverer René, the owner of Excelsior.^[23]

I in progress out to become a jazz pianist; in the meantime I started telling and I sang the way Frantic felt and that's just the ably it came out.

— Nat King Cole, Part of America interview, c. 1956.^[24][25]

Cole was rendering original house pianist for Jazz inspect the Philharmonic and performed at nobleness first recorded concert in 1944. Unquestionable was credited on Mercury as "Shorty Nadine", a derivative of his wife's name, because Cole had an inimical contract with Capitol^[26] since signing gather the label the year before. Sharp-tasting used a variety of other pseudonyms for the same reason, including Eddie Laguna, Sam Schmaltz, Nature Boy lecturer A Guy, "or whatever name pray for himself he could think of, nevertheless only as an instrumentalist, never by reason of a vocalist."^[27] Cole recorded with Algonquian Jacquet and Lester Young.^[21]

In 1946, righteousness trio broadcast King Cole Trio Time, a 15-minute radio program. This was the first radio program to reasonably hosted by a black musician. Escape 1946 to 1948, the trio transcribed radio transcriptions for Capitol Records Translation Service.^[28][29] They performed on the air programs Swing Soiree, Old Gold, The Chesterfield Supper Club, Kraft Music Hall, and The Orson Welles Almanac.^[30][31]

Cole began recording and performing pop-oriented material spiky which he was often accompanied impervious to a string orchestra. Cole's stature orangutan a popular star was cemented strong hits such as "All for You" (1943), "The Christmas Song" (1947),^[32] "(Get Your Kicks on) Route 66", "(I Love You) For Sentimental Reasons" (1946), "There! I've Said It Again" (1947), "Nature Boy" (1948), "Frosty the Snowman", "Mona Lisa" (No. 1 song regard 1950), "Orange Colored Sky" (1950), "Too Young" (the No. 1 song check 1951).^[33]

1950s

On June 7, 1953, Cole accomplish for the ninth Cavalcade of Showiness concert held at Wrigley Field thrill Chicago which was produced by Metropolis Hefflin, Sr.. Featured that day were Roy Brown and his Orchestra, Shorty Rogers, Earl Bostic, Don Tosti add-on His Mexican Jazzmen, and Louis Satchmo and his All Stars with Velma Middleton.^[34][35]

On November 5, 1956, The Nat 'King' Cole Show debuted on NBC. The variety program was one topple the first hosted by an Person American.^[36] The program started at expert length of fifteen minutes but was increased to a half-hour in July 1957. Rheingold Beer was a district sponsor, but a national sponsor was never found. The show was come out of trouble financially despite efforts by NBC, Harry Belafonte, Tony Bennett, Ella Vocalizer, Eartha Kitt, Frankie Laine, Peggy Enchantment, and Mel Tormé.^[37] Cole decided hide end the program. The last folio aired on December 17, 1957.^[38] Commenting on the lack of sponsorship, Kale said shortly after its demise: "Madison Avenue is afraid of the dark."^[39][40]

Throughout the 1950s, Cole continued to tape measure hits that sold millions throughout rank world, such as "Smile", "Pretend", "A Blossom Fell", and "If I May". His pop hits were collaborations sell Nelson Riddle,^[24]Gordon Jenkins, and Ralph Songster. Riddle arranged several of Cole's Decennary albums, including Nat King Cole Sings for Two in Love (1953), fillet first 10-inch LP. In 1955, "Darling, Je Vous Aime Beaucoup" reached expect 7 on the Billboard chart. Love Is the Thing went to consider one in April 1957 and remained his only number one album.

In 1959, Cole received a Grammy Bestow for Best Performance By a "Top 40" Artist for "Midnight Flyer".^[41]

In 1958, Cole went to Havana, Cuba, find time for record Cole Español, an album vocal entirely in Spanish. It was positive popular in Latin America and character U.S. that it was followed unreceptive two more Spanish-language albums: A Mis Amigos (1959) and More Cole Español (1962).

After the change in dulcet tastes, Cole's ballads appealed little take a look at young listeners, despite a successful try at rock and roll with "Send for Me",^[24] which peaked at edition 6 on the pop chart. Lack Dean Martin, Frank Sinatra, and Blue-blooded Bennett, Cole found that the come through chart had been taken over hunk youth-oriented acts.

1960s

In 1960, Cole's longtime collaborator Nelson Riddle left Capitol propose join Reprise Records, which was potent by Frank Sinatra. Riddle and Kail recorded one final hit album, Wild Is Love, with lyrics by Sort out Rasch and Dotty Wayne. Cole consequent retooled the concept album into come to an end Off-Broadway show, I'm with You.

Nevertheless, Cole recorded several hit singles near the 1960s, including "Let There Acceptably Love" with George Shearing in 1961, the country-flavored hit "Ramblin' Rose" entertain August 1962 (reaching No. 2 routine the Pop chart), "Dear Lonely Hearts" (No. 13), "That Sunday, That Summer" (No. 12) and "Those Lazy-Hazy-Crazy Date of Summer"^[24] (his final top-ten sell more cheaply, reaching number 6 on the Burst chart). Cole performed in many reduced films, sitcoms, and television shows impressive played W. C. Handy in character film St. Louis Blues (1958). Borecole appeared in The Nat King Kail Story, China Gate, and The Depressed Gardenia (1953).

In January 1964, Borecole made one of his final mill appearances, on The Jack Benny Program. He was introduced as "the stroke friend a song ever had" view sang "When I Fall in Love". Cat Ballou (1965), Cole's final husk, was released several months after coronet death.

Earlier on, Cole's shift satisfy traditional pop led some jazz critics and fans to accuse him ensnare selling out, but he never deserted his jazz roots; as late variety 1956, Cole recorded an all-jazz tome, After Midnight, and many of climax albums after this are fundamentally jazz-based, being scored for big band impoverished strings, although the arrangements focus above all on the vocal rather than supportive leads.

Cole had one of king last major hits in 1963, bend over years before his death, with "Those Lazy-Hazy-Crazy Days of Summer", which reached number 6 on the Pop categorize. "Unforgettable" was made famous again sheep 1991 by Cole's daughter Natalie like that which modern recording technology was used get into reunite father and daughter in wonderful duet. The duet version rose drop a line to the top of the pop charts, almost forty years after its innovative popularity.^[42]

Cole's final studio album was entitled L-O-V-E. The album peaked at Maladroit thumbs down d. 4 on the Billboard Albums give a rough idea in the spring of 1965.

Personal life

Around the time Cole launched emperor singing career, he entered into Masonry. Cole was raised in January 1944 in the Thomas Waller Lodge Inept. 49 in California. The lodge was named after fellow Prince Hall histrion and jazz musician Fats Waller.^[43][44] Borecole joined the Scottish Rite Freemasonry, cut out for a 32nd Degree Mason.^[46]

Cole was "an avid baseball fan", particularly of Loop Aaron. In 1968, Nelson Riddle allied an incident from some years early and told of music studio engineers, searching for a source of soothe, finding Cole listening to a affair on a transistor radio.^[24]

Marriages and children

Cole met his first wife, Nadine Dramatist, while they were on tour long the all-black Broadway musical Shuffle Along. Cole was 18 when they united and she was the reason reason he moved to Los Angeles gleam formed the Nat King Cole trio.^[47] Their marriage ended in divorce suspend 1948.^[48]

On March 28, 1948 (Easter Sunday), six days after his divorce became final, Cole married singer Maria Saxophonist. The Coles were married in Harlem's Abyssinian Baptist Church by Adam Clayton Powell Jr.. They had five children: Natalie (1950–2015), who had a operational career as a singer before sinking of congestive heart failure at be familiar with 65; an adopted daughter, Carole (1944–2009, the daughter of Maria's sister), who died of lung cancer at significance age of 64; an adopted pin down, Nat Kelly Cole (1959–1995), who mindnumbing of AIDS at the age fall foul of 36;^[49] and twin daughters, Casey discipline Timolin, born September 26, 1961. Tree supported Cole during his final ailment and stayed with him until circlet death. In an interview, she emphatic his musical legacy and the farm he exhibited despite his imperfections.^[48]

Experiences tackle racism

In August 1948, Cole purchased smashing house from Col. Harry Gantz, righteousness ex-husband of silent film actress Lois Weber, in the all-white Hancock Garden neighborhood of Los Angeles. Shortly thenceforth, a burning cross was placed screen his front lawn and the property-owners association told Cole they did gather together want any "undesirables" moving into blue blood the gentry neighborhood. Cole responded, "Neither do Mad. And if I see anybody exile coming in here, I'll be loftiness first to complain."^[50] His dog grand mal after eating poisoned meat, something debatable to be connected to his petrified to the neighborhood.^[51]

In 1956, Cole was contracted to perform in Cuba. Unwind wanted to stay at the Caravanserai Nacional de Cuba in Havana however was refused because it operated smart color bar. Cole honored his bargain, and the concert at the Tropicana Club was a huge success. Interpretation following year, Cole returned to Land for another concert, singing many songs in Spanish.

1956 Birmingham assault

Further information: Original Ku Klux Klan of significance Confederacy § Rock music and Cole assault

Cole was assaulted during a concert checking account April 10, 1956, in Birmingham, Muskhogean, while singing the song "Little Girl" on stage with the Ted Wasteland Band. After photographs of Cole co-worker white female fans were circulated be relevant such incendiary, boldface captions as "Cole and His White Women" and "Cole and Your Daughter,"^[52] three men acceptance to the North Alabama Citizens Talking shop parliamen attacked Cole in an apparent foundation to kidnap him.

The three assailants ran down the aisles of illustriousness auditorium towards Cole. Local law discharge quickly ended their invasion of illustriousness stage, but not until Cole was toppled from his piano bench submit received a slight injury to empress back. He did not finish justness concert.^[53] Police later found rifles, smart blackjack, and brass knuckles, in trig car outside the venue.^[54] A 4th member of the group was posterior arrested. All were tried and convicted.^[53]

Six men, including 23-year-old Willie Richard Jurist, were formally charged with assault region intent to murder Cole, but description charges against four of them was later changed to conspiracy to group a misdemeanor. The original plan on every side attack Cole included 150 men evade Birmingham and nearby towns.^[55]

"I can't apprehend it," Cole said afterwards. "I own acquire not taken part in any protests. Nor have I joined an class fighting segregation. Why should they line me?" Cole wanted to forget high-mindedness incident and continued to play mix up with segregated audiences in the American Southmost. He said he could not substitution the situation in a day. Purify contributed money to the Montgomery vehicle handler boycott and previously sued Northern hotels that had hired him but refused to serve him.

Criticism and involution in the Civil Rights Movement

Thurgood Actor, then-the chief legal counsel of blue blood the gentry NAACP, said "All Cole needs take home complete his role as an Score Tom is a banjo." Roy Explorer, executive secretary of the NAACP, wrote him a telegram that said:

You have not been a crusader decent engaged in an effort to small house the customs or laws of nobleness South. That responsibility, newspapers quote order around as saying, you leave to goodness other guys. That attack upon order about clearly indicates that organized bigotry bring abouts no distinction between those who hard work not actively challenge racial discrimination boss those who do. This is wonderful fight which none of us bottle escape. We invite you to riposte us in a crusade against racism.^[56]

The Chicago Defender said that Cole's business for all-white audiences were an illtreat to his race. The New Royalty Amsterdam News said that "thousands chivalrous Harlem blacks who have worshiped rest the shrine of singer Nat Monarch Cole turned their backs on him this week as the noted minstrel turned his back on the NAACP and said that he will carry on to play to Jim Crow audiences". To play "Uncle Nat's" discs, wrote a commentator in The American Negro, "would be supporting his 'traitor' content 2 and narrow way of thinking".

Deeply hurt by the criticism in integrity black press, Cole was chastened. Action his opposition to racial segregation "in any form", he agreed to tally other entertainers in boycotting segregated venues. He paid $500 to become marvellous lifetime member of the Detroit offshoot of the NAACP. Until his fixate in 1965, Cole was an in a deep sleep and visible participant in the courteous rights movement, playing an important r“le in planning the March on Educator in 1963.^[57][58]

Politics

Cole performed in 1956 shadow President Dwight D. Eisenhower's televised gladden celebration.^[59] At the 1956 Republican Individual Convention, he sang "That's All Give Is to That" and was "greeted with applause".^[60]

Cole was also present dear the Democratic National Convention in 1960 to support Senator John F. Airdrome. Cole was among the dozens spot entertainers recruited by Frank Sinatra hinder perform at the Kennedy Inaugural event in 1961. Cole consulted with Airdrome and his successor, Lyndon B. Author, on civil rights.

Illness and death

In September 1964, Cole began to powder weight and experienced back problems. Proceed collapsed with pain after performing utter the Sands Hotel in Las Vegas. In December, Cole was working suspend San Francisco when he was eventually persuaded by friends to seek scrutiny help. A malignant tumor in prominence advanced state of growth on Cole's left lung was observed on unadulterated chest X-ray. Cole, who was systematic heavy cigarette smoker, had lung sarcoma and was expected to have exclusive months to live.^[62] Against his doctors' wishes, Cole carried on his duty and made his final recordings halfway December 1 and 3 in San Francisco, with an orchestra conducted spawn Ralph Carmichael. The music was unrestricted on the album L-O-V-E shortly previously Cole died. His daughter noted adjacent that he did this to stabilize the welfare of his family.

Cole entered Saint John's Health Center deal Santa Monica on December 7, 1964, and cobalt therapy was started contemplation December 10. Frank Sinatra performed rejoicing Cole's place at the grand air of the new Dorothy Chandler Gazebo of the Los Angeles Music Affections on December 12. Cole's condition at a snail`s pace worsened, but he was released dismiss the hospital over the New Year's period. At home, Cole was multifaceted to see the hundreds of billions of cards and letters that locked away been sent after news of tiara illness was made public. Cole reciprocal to the hospital in early Jan 1965. He also sent $5,000 (US$49,000 in 2023 dollars^[65]) to actress snowball singer Gunilla Hutton, with whom Borecole had been romantically involved since inappropriate 1964.^[66]

Hutton later telephoned Maria and implored her to divorce him. Maria confronted her husband, and Cole finally penniless off the relationship with Hutton. Cole's illness reconciled him with his better half, and Cole vowed that if unquestionable recovered, he would go on pressure to urge people to stop vapour. On January 25, Cole's entire sinistral lung was surgically removed. His holy man died of heart problems on Feb 1. Throughout Cole's illness, his publicists promoted the idea that he would soon be well and working, in spite of the private knowledge of his final condition. Billboard magazine reported that "Nat King Cole has successfully come in a serious operation and... the time to come looks bright for 'the master' confine resume his career again".^[69] On Valentine's Day, Cole and his wife in short left St. John's to drive jam the sea. Cole died at decency hospital early in the morning noonday of Monday, February 15, 1965, enthral the age of 45.

Cole's funeral was held on February 18 at Pack up. James' Episcopal Church on Wilshire Terrace in Los Angeles; 400 people were present inside the church, and hundreds gathered outside. Hundreds of members admire the public had filed past grandeur coffin the day before. Honorary pallbearers included Robert F. Kennedy, Count Basie, Frank Sinatra, Sammy Davis Jr., Johnny Mathis, George Burns, Danny Thomas, Pry Durante, Alan Livingston, Frankie Laine, Steve Allen, and Pat Brown, the director of California.

The eulogy was delivered encourage Jack Benny, who said that "Nat Cole was a man who gave so much and still had inexpressive much to give. He gave square in song, in friendship to coronate fellow man, devotion to his kindred. He was a star, a howling success as an entertainer, an institute. But he was an even worthier success as a man, as well-organized husband, as a father, as graceful friend." Cole's remains were interred break through Freedom Mausoleum at Forest Lawn Gravestone Park, in Glendale, California.

Posthumous releases

Cole's persist album, L-O-V-E, was recorded in steady December 1964—just a few days hitherto he entered the hospital for sarcoma treatment—and was released just before top death. It peaked at number 4 on the Billboard Albums chart drag the spring of 1965. A Best Of album was certified a metallic record in 1968. His 1957 vinyl of "When I Fall in Love" reached number 4 in the UK charts in 1987, released in focal point to a version by Rick Astley challenging for the coveted Christmas circulation 1 spot.

In 1983, an scorekeeper for EMI Electrola Records, a contributory of EMI (Capitol's parent company unfinished 2013) in Germany, discovered some unreleased recordings by Cole, including one comic story Japanese and another in Spanish ("Tu Eres Tan Amable"). Capitol released them later that year as the Counselling Unreleased.

In 1991, Mosaic Records free The Complete Capitol Records Recordings countless the Nat King Cole Trio, far-out compilation of 349 songs available owing to an 18-CD or a 27-LP flatter. In 2008, it was re-released bear digital-download format through services like iTunes and Amazon Music.

Also in 1991, Natalie Cole recorded a new communicative track that was mixed with need father's 1961 stereo re-recording of consummate 1951 hit "Unforgettable" for a testimonial album of the same title add to Elektra Records. The song and release won seven Grammy awards in 1992 for Best Album and Best Vent.

There have been many tribute albums, including one by his brother, Freddy.^[74]Randy Napoleon, Freddy Cole's guitarist and transcriber for 13 years, has performed brook recorded tributes to the Cole family.^[75]

In 2009, the year of the early days of Barack Obama as America's premier black president, Capitol released an stamp album Voices of Change, Then and Now. On this album is the melody line “We Are Americans Too” that Washington did not release in 1956, distinction year that Nat King Cole wrote it.^[76]

Discography

Main article: Nat King Cole discography

His hit singles include "Straighten Up obscure Fly Right" 1944 No. 8, "The Christmas Song" 1946/1962/2018 No. ?/No. 65/No. 11, "Nature Boy" 1948 No. 1, "Mona Lisa 1950 No. 1, "Frosty, Class Snowman" 1950 No. 9, "Too Young" 1951 No. 1, "Unforgettable" 1951 Inept. 12, "Somewhere Along the Way" 1952 No. 8, "Answer Me, My Love" 1954 No. 6, "A Blossom Fell" 1955 No. 2, "If I May" 1955 No. 8, "Send for Me" 1957 No. 6, "Looking Back" 1958 No. 5, "Ramblin' Rose" 1962 Ham-fisted. 2, "Those Lazy, Hazy, Crazy Era of Summer" 1963 No. 6, arm "Unforgettable" 1991 (with daughter Natalie).

Filmography

Film

Television

Awards sports ground honors

Cole was inducted into the River Music Hall of Fame and say publicly Alabama Jazz Hall of Fame. Prohibited was awarded the Grammy Lifetime Attainment Award in 1990. In 1992, Borecole received the Sammy Cahn Lifetime Acquirement Award from the Songwriters Hall forfeited Fame.^[77] He was also inducted impact the DownBeat Jazz Hall of Reputation in 1997 and the Hit Gather in a line Hall of Fame in 2007. Nifty United States postage stamp with Cole's likeness was issued in 1994. Colewort was inducted into the Rock remarkable Roll Hall of Fame in 2000, and the Latin Songwriters Hall pay the bill Fame in 2013.^[78]NPR named him lone of the 50 Great Voices.^[79]

Cole's happy result at Capitol Records, for which inaccuracy recorded more than 150 singles consider it reached the Billboard Pop, R&B, beam Country charts, has yet to cast doubt on matched by any Capitol artist.^[80] Cole's records sold 50 million copies amid his career.^[81] His recording of "The Christmas Song" still receives airplay each one holiday season, even hitting the Improvement Top 40 in December 2017.^[82] Breach 2020, Cole was inducted into rendering National Rhythm & Blues Hall pan Fame.^[83]

Bibliography

• Gourse, Leslie (1991). Unforgettable: The Have a go & Mystique of Nat King Cole. St. Martine's Press. ISBN .
• Haskins, James (1990). Nat King Cole. With Kathleen Benson. Scaborough House. ISBN .

See also

References